Two cellular activities that support human life are absorption and assimilation. What is needed for assimilation but not for absorption?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because assimilation involves the synthesis of new molecules from absorbed nutrients, requiring enzymes. Absorption, on the other hand, involves taking in nutrients through structures like microvilli and blood capillaries. Enzymes are essential for breaking down and building new molecules during assimilation. Blood capillaries and microvilli are necessary for absorption of dissolved nutrients, which are then utilized during assimilation. Therefore, enzymes are specifically needed for assimilation but not for absorption.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: bolus. A bolus refers to the rounded mass of food that is formed in the mouth and swallowed, moving through the esophagus to the stomach. This process is essential for digestion to occur properly. Choice A, sphincter, is incorrect as it is a muscular ring that regulates the flow of substances. Choice B, cannula, is a tube used for medical purposes, not related to food digestion. Choice D, chyme, is the partially digested food mixed with stomach acid, not the initial mass of food swallowed.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C Rationale: 1. Well's Score is used to assess the probability of DVT. 2. A score of 1 is assigned for each factor present. 3. In this case, if a diagnosis is as likely or more likely than DVT, it would not add to the DVT probability. 4. Therefore, this factor does NOT register a score of 1 in the Well's Score. Summary: A: History of being bedridden for >= 3 days because of surgery within 4 weeks - registers a score of 1 as it is a risk factor for DVT. B: Localised tenderness along distribution of deep veins - registers a score of 1 as it is a sign of DVT. D: Unilateral pitting oedema - registers a score of 1 as it is a symptom of DVT.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A: 1. A chronic productive cough is a key symptom of COPD due to excess mucus production. 2. This cough is persistent and lasts for a prolonged period, reflecting airway inflammation. 3. Productive cough is often associated with sputum production in COPD patients. 4. The presence of a chronic productive cough aligns with the pathophysiology of COPD. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: A nocturnal cough may be seen in conditions like asthma but is not specific to COPD. C: A wheeze is more common in asthma and may occur in COPD exacerbations, but not a consistent feature. D: COPD typically develops after years of exposure to risk factors, so onset at 25 years old is unlikely.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diabetic retinopathy. This is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the small blood vessels in the retina. It is caused by prolonged high blood sugar levels damaging the blood vessels, leading to vision problems and potentially blindness. Explanation: 1. Diabetic retinopathy specifically involves the microvasculature of the eye. 2. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (Choice A) and Coronary heart disease (Choice B) are macrovascular complications affecting larger blood vessels. 3. Peripheral artery disease (Choice D) involves blockages in larger arteries, not the microvasculature. In summary, diabetic retinopathy is the best description of a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus as it involves damage to the small blood vessels in the retina, distinguishing it from macrovascular complications listed in the other options.