To institute appropriate isolation precautions, the nurse must first know the:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Mode of transmission determines the type of isolation needed.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer's Grand Theory of Nursing as Caring, from the 1990s, posits all humans as caring, with nursing responding to this ‘moral imperative' e.g., aiding a stranger instinctively. Unlike Erickson's modeling, Peterson's humanism, or Benner's skill focus, it's a grand theory emphasizing universal caring, shaping ethical nursing practice and education.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers (1970s) theorized humans as unitary beings with subsystems (cells, organs) and suprasystems (family, society) e.g., a patient's recovery ties to both physiology and social support. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, her model emphasizes interconnectedness, guiding nurses in holistic assessments across all levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rectal thermometers have pear-shaped or round bulbs for safety e.g., preventing injury in infants. Oral temps are less accurate than rectal (gold standard), older age lowers BMR (metabolism slows), and swimming increases BMR (activity boosts it). This design ensures accurate, safe measurement, per nursing protocols.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The pons houses pneumotaxic (rate control) and apneustic (prolonged inspiration) centers e.g., regulating breathing rhythm. Medulla sets the pattern, carotid/aortic bodies sense chemo changes. Nurses understand this e.g., in apnea cases for neurological respiratory assessment, per brain anatomy.