To implement nursing care interventions the nurse must be competent in three key areas which are:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Competence in nursing interventions requires knowledge (understanding theory and evidence), function (applying that knowledge practically), and specific skills (technical abilities like IV insertion). These three areas ensure a nurse can deliver safe, effective care tailored to patient needs. Leadership anatomy and skills is nonsensical leadership matters, but anatomy isn't a relevant term here, and it's not a trio with skills alone. Experience, advanced education, and skills include valuable elements, but experience isn't a core competency area; it enhances the trio, while advanced education overlaps with knowledge. Skills, leadership, and function mix unrelated concepts leadership is broader than intervention execution. Knowledge, function, and specific skills form a cohesive framework: knowing what to do, how to do it, and performing it proficiently, aligning with nursing standards for competent practice across diverse scenarios.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The nursing process is a systematic, five-step framework for delivering patient-centered care: assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating. It begins with assessment, where the nurse collects comprehensive data about the patient's health status. Next, diagnosing involves analyzing this data to identify health problems or risks. Planning follows, where specific goals and interventions are developed. Implementation puts the plan into action, and evaluation assesses its effectiveness, potentially restarting the cycle if needed. This order ensures a logical flow from data collection to outcome review, optimizing patient care. The other options disrupt this sequence: starting with diagnosing or planning before assessing lacks foundational data, while placing evaluating before key steps like planning or implementing skips critical actions. Only assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating follows the established, evidence-based progression used universally in nursing practice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For a 2-month-old infant undergoing a pyloromyotomy to correct pyloric stenosis, pre-operative nursing actions focus on safety and preparation for anesthesia and surgery. Keeping the infant NPO (nothing by mouth) as ordered (D) is critical to prevent aspiration during anesthesia, a standard pre-operative protocol for all surgical patients, especially infants. Allowing breastfeeding 1 hour before surgery (A) contradicts NPO guidelines, risking complications like vomiting or aspiration, making it incorrect. Reviewing coagulation study results (B) is important, as infants with pyloric stenosis may have electrolyte imbalances affecting clotting, but it's not the most immediate action. Avoiding all pre-operative sedation (C) is impractical, as sedation may be needed based on medical orders, not universally avoided. Other options like beginning IV fluids (E) and placing an NG tube (F) are relevant but context-specific. Since the CSV requires one correct answer, D is chosen as the most universally applicable and critical action, ensuring the infant's safety by adhering to NPO status, a fundamental pre-operative standard.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers (1970s) theorized humans as unitary beings with subsystems (cells, organs) and suprasystems (family, society) e.g., a patient's recovery ties to both physiology and social support. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, her model emphasizes interconnectedness, guiding nurses in holistic assessments across all levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lowered consciousness (D) supports increased ICP post-craniotomy, reflecting brain compression. Weak pulse (A) or narrow pulse pressure (B) are late. Shallow breathing (C) isn't specific. D is correct. Rationale: LOC decline is an early, reliable ICP sign, guiding urgent intervention, per neurosurgical care standards.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cost sharing is patient and insurer split costs (B), per definition e.g., copays for Mr. Gary. Not free (A), not rule (C), not one-time (D) shared model. B best defines its structure, balancing payment, making it correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: During tonic-clonic seizures, safety is paramount. Oxygen (choice A) may follow but isn't first. Sitting/water (choice B) risks aspiration, inappropriate. Protecting from injury (choice C) padding, clearing objects prevents harm during convulsions. Restraints (choice D) worsen injury. C is correct, per seizure protocol. Nurses time seizures, ensure airway post-ictal, and reassure, prioritizing safety.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development theory (1950s) hinges on mutual trust e.g., fairness learned through reciprocal bonds. Freud's psychoanalysis, Erikson's stages, and Peters' principles differ. Kohlberg's stages premoral (obedience), conventional (norms), post-conventional (ethics) explain moral growth, influencing nursing ethics on trust-based patient care, like respecting autonomy in decisions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The skin, the largest organ, protects and regulates, unlike intestines or kidneys. Nurses prioritize skin care for its extensive role in health.