Therapeutic nurse client relationship is describes as follows 1. Based on friendship and mutual interest 2. It is a professional relationship 3. It is focused on helping the patient solve problems and achieve health-related goals 4. Maintained only as long as the patient requires professional help

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A therapeutic relationship is professional (2), problem-focused (3), and time-limited (4), per Peplau thus C (2,3,4). Friendship (1) blurs boundaries, making A, B, and D incorrect. C aligns with nursing's therapeutic intent.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The nursing process is a systematic, five-step framework for delivering patient-centered care: assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating. It begins with assessment, where the nurse collects comprehensive data about the patient's health status. Next, diagnosing involves analyzing this data to identify health problems or risks. Planning follows, where specific goals and interventions are developed. Implementation puts the plan into action, and evaluation assesses its effectiveness, potentially restarting the cycle if needed. This order ensures a logical flow from data collection to outcome review, optimizing patient care. The other options disrupt this sequence: starting with diagnosing or planning before assessing lacks foundational data, while placing evaluating before key steps like planning or implementing skips critical actions. Only assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating follows the established, evidence-based progression used universally in nursing practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Risk management is reducing care risks (B), per nursing e.g., preventing errors. Not increasing (A), not duty (C), not financial (D) safety-focused. B best defines its protective role, safeguarding Mr. Gary, making it correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chest pain with inspiration (pleuritic) supports pulmonary embolism, from infarcted lung tissue absent breath sounds suggest pneumothorax, wheezing fits asthma, and low fever is nonspecific. Nurses report this, aiding rapid diagnosis, vital for this respiratory emergency.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Madeleine Leininger's theory positions caring as nursing's essence, a unifying force distinguishing it from medicine or other fields. Developed in the 1970s, her Culture Care Theory asserts that care is a universal human need, but its expression varies culturally. She describes it as central (core to nursing), unifying (binding the profession), and dominant (setting it apart), unlike Benner's skill focus, Watson's spiritual caring, or Swanson's process-oriented approach. For example, a nurse adjusting pain management for a patient's cultural beliefs reflects Leininger's view. Her mnemonic ‘CUD I LIE IN GER' (Central, Unifying, Dominant) aids recall, emphasizing caring's primacy. This perspective shaped transcultural nursing, urging practitioners to integrate cultural competence into care, a critical distinction in today's diverse healthcare landscape.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Maslow's theory (1940s) allows need priorities to shift e.g., safety over hunger in danger. Needs interrelate (esteem ties to safety), aren't rigid, and can defer. Nurses adapt e.g., tackling pain before teaching reflecting this flexibility, key to responsive care planning.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The skin, the largest organ, protects and regulates, unlike intestines or kidneys. Nurses prioritize skin care for its extensive role in health.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Evidence-based practice (EBP) follows a systematic process to integrate research into care, with evaluating practice change as the final step. It begins with formulating a clinical question to identify the issue, followed by searching and appraising the literature to gather and assess evidence. Implementing the change comes next, but evaluation critically appraising the change's impact, like improved patient outcomes or cost-effectiveness completes the cycle. This step ensures the intervention works in practice, not just theory, by analyzing data like recovery rates or patient feedback. It's a reflective process, allowing nurses to refine or discard changes, ensuring EBP remains dynamic and patient-focused. This closure distinguishes EBP from mere research application, embedding continuous improvement into nursing practice for sustained quality and safety.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Holding a rattle is a 4-month milestone; others develop later.