The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Virginia Henderson's definition of nursing, articulated in the 1950s, centers on assisting individuals healthy or ill with activities they'd manage independently if capable, aiming to foster autonomy. Her Nature of Nursing theory lists 14 basic needs (e.g., breathing, eating, eliminating), framing nurses as substitutes (fully assisting), helpers (partly supporting), or partners (collaborating) based on patient ability. Unlike Abdellah's problem-solving focus, Levin's conservation principles, or Peplau's interpersonal relations, Henderson's approach is practical and patient-centered. For instance, a postoperative patient might need help eating until strength returns nurses facilitate this to hasten recovery. Her emphasis on independence influenced modern nursing education and practice, evident in care plans prioritizing patient self-management, making it a landmark concept in defining nursing's scope and purpose.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings (1970s) asserts humans are wholes greater than their parts e.g., Anne Boleyn's dignity persisted post-beheading. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, Rogers' wholistic view influences nursing's focus on indivisible patient worth, shaping holistic care philosophies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Upper and Lower GI series target the digestive system, fitting the body system framework e.g., assessing stomach function. Functional (ADLs), head-to-toe (full exam), and cephalocaudal (top-down) are broader or differently structured. This organ-specific approach aids nurses in pinpointing GI issues for targeted care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Normal respiration has an inspiration-to-expiration ratio of 1:2 e.g., 1-second inhale, 2-second exhale reflecting passive expiration's longer phase. Other ratios (2:1, 4:3, 1:1) don't match physiology. Nurses observe this e.g., counting breaths for baseline assessment, per respiratory mechanics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Supine position flat, arms up e.g., spreads breast tissue for palpation, unlike dorsal recumbent (knees bent), sitting (gravity), or lithotomy (pelvic). Nurses use this e.g., in cancer screening for thorough, systematic checks, per breast exam standards.