The type of protein-energy malnutrition that results in edema, hypoalbuminemia, skin lesions, and fatty liver is:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, skin lesions, and fatty liver. Edema is a key feature of kwashiorkor due to hypoalbuminemia, which leads to decreased oncotic pressure. Marasmus (choice B) is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency without significant protein deficiency, resulting in severe wasting. Cachexia (choice A) is a syndrome characterized by weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight. Sarcopenia (choice D) is the age-related loss of muscle mass and function.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Intestinal mucosa. The intestinal mucosa has the highest rate of protein turnover due to its rapid cell renewal. The skin, muscle, and adipose tissue do not exhibit protein turnover rates as high as the intestinal mucosa. Skin cells turnover relatively slower compared to the rapid renewal of intestinal mucosa cells. Muscles have a moderate rate of protein turnover, while adipose tissue has a lower turnover rate compared to the other tissues mentioned.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Anabolism is the phase of metabolism responsible for building up and repairing tissues in the body. It involves processes that require energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones. Digestion (choice A) is the process of breaking down food into simpler substances for absorption. Catabolism (choice B) involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones with the release of energy. Ketosis (choice D) is a metabolic state where the body uses fat as the primary source of energy, which is not directly related to growth and repair.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Negative nitrogen balance occurs when the body loses more nitrogen than it gains. This imbalance is often seen in conditions like anorexia in older adults, where insufficient protein intake leads to muscle breakdown and negative nitrogen balance. Choices A, B, and C do not typically lead to negative nitrogen balance as seen in anorexia in older adults.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is glycogen. Glycogen is a type of carbohydrate stored in the body that is broken down into glucose to help maintain blood glucose levels during fasting periods. Glucose (choice A) is the simplest form of sugar and is a product of carbohydrate digestion, not the stored form like glycogen. Galactose (choice B) is a monosaccharide found in dairy products. Dextrins (choice C) are intermediate products of starch digestion and not directly involved in maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting.