The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vital capacity is the maximum air exhaled after full inhalation, about 4.8 L. 'Vital capacity,' is correct, per physiology (e.g., Tortora). 'Tidal volume,' is normal breath. 'Residual volume,' stays in lungs. 'Total lung capacity,' includes residual. Vital capacity's exhalable measure distinguishes B as the precise answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The skin, covering the body, is the largest organ by surface area and weight (about 15% of body mass). 'Skin,' is correct, per anatomy (e.g., Tortora). 'Liver,' is largest internal. 'Heart,' and 'Lungs,' are smaller. Skin's expanse makes B the precise answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sterilization eliminates all microbes. 'Incubation,' is correct as the exception, growing organisms, per microbiology (e.g., Prescott). 'Autoclaving,' uses steam. 'Dry heat,' uses ovens. 'Filtration,' removes microbes. Incubation's growth purpose makes D the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Zoonotic diseases transfer from animals to humans. 'Influenza,' is correct as the exception, primarily human-to-human, though some strains (e.g., avian) are zoonotic, per epidemiology (e.g., Morens). 'Rabies,' 'Anthrax,' and 'Tuberculosis,' are zoonotic. Influenza's typical transmission makes D the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Congenital anomalies are birth defects. 'Pneumonia,' is correct as the exception, an acquired infection, per pediatrics (e.g., Nelson). 'Cleft palate,' 'Spina bifida,' and 'Club foot,' are congenital. Pneumonia's post-birth onset makes D the accurate answer.