The term liver parenchyma refers to:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: hepatocytes. The term liver parenchyma refers to the functional cells of the liver responsible for its essential functions, such as metabolism, detoxification, and synthesis. Hepatocytes make up the majority of the liver's mass and are crucial for its normal functioning. Portal veins and hepatic arteries (choice B) are blood vessels supplying the liver, bile ducts (choice C) are responsible for transporting bile, and stored glycogen (choice D) is a form of stored energy in the liver, but they do not specifically refer to the liver parenchyma.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The gall bladder is best understood as a specialized region of a duct. It stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine for digestion. The gall bladder is anatomically connected to the bile duct system. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the gall bladder is not a lymph node (A), adipose tissue (C), or hepatocyte parenchyma (D). The gall bladder's main function is related to bile storage and release, making it a specialized region of a duct system.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pancreatoduodenectomy. The Whipple procedure involves the removal of the head of the pancreas, a portion of the duodenum, the gallbladder, and part of the bile duct. Therefore, it is also known as a Pancreatoduodenectomy. A: Cholangiopancreatography is a diagnostic imaging technique to visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts, not a surgical procedure. C: Cholangiogram is an imaging test to visualize the bile ducts, not a surgical procedure. D: Cholecystogram is an imaging test to visualize the gallbladder, not a surgical procedure.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that specifically breaks down starches into maltose through hydrolysis. It is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas. Lipase (B) breaks down lipids, Trypsinogen (C) is a precursor to trypsin which digests proteins, and Pepsin (D) is an enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect for breaking down starches into maltose.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Chloride ions activate salivary amylase.