The single most effective health promotion activity that a nurse could teach a group of community-dwelling senior citizens that would most likely help them prevent influenza and pneumonia would be which of the following?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The annual influenza vaccine is the most effective health promotion activity for preventing influenza and its complication, pneumonia, especially in senior citizens who are at higher risk due to age-related immune decline. The vaccine primes the immune system to recognize and fight specific flu strains, reducing infection risk by up to 60% when well-matched, and lowering severity if infected. Hand washing reduces transmission but doesn't provide direct immunity. Avoiding crowds limits exposure but isn't as proactive or reliable as vaccination. Exercise boosts general health but lacks the specific protective effect of the vaccine against flu viruses. For seniors, who face increased morbidity from flu and pneumonia, the nurse's focus on vaccination aligns with public health priorities, offering a targeted, evidence-based strategy to prevent these respiratory illnesses and their potentially fatal outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nurse includes that the vaccine can cause mild symptoms like a sore arm, a common reaction to the inactivated flu shot's injection and immune response, preparing the client for normal effects without alarm. It's effective regardless of past flu prior infection doesn't negate need, as strains evolve. It doesn't guarantee flu prevention effectiveness varies (e.g., 40–60% when matched) but reduces risk and severity. It's not live bacteria made from inactivated influenza viruses, not bacterial. This accurate, reassuring statement educates on realistic expectations, boosting compliance by addressing side effects upfront, aligning with evidence-based vaccine promotion for informed decision-making.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Resorption atelectasis is commonly seen with bronchial neoplasms (D), causing subtotal obstruction and often localized emphysema, though complete obstruction leads to atelectasis. Choice A is true; complete airway obstruction traps oxygen, which is resorbed, collapsing alveoli without impairing blood flow (Page 714). Choice B is false; mediastinum shifts toward the affected lung due to volume loss, not away (opposite of compressive atelectasis). Choice C is incorrect; it's reversible if obstruction clears (e.g., mucus plug removal), except in chronic contraction cases. Choice E (post-operative) is frequent but not the focus. Page 714 highlights neoplasms as a cause, with obstruction leading to resorption, distinguishing D as a frequent clinical scenario over the inaccurate B or C.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The hallmark of chronic bronchitis is mucus hypersecretion in large airways (A), from gland hypertrophy'. Choice B is false; goblet cells increase markedly in small airways, not main bronchi. Choice C is incorrect; infection maintains, not initiates, disease (smoking is primary). Choice D is true; smoke activates alveolar macrophages. Choice E (dysplasia to emphysema) oversimplifies. Page 722 defines A as the core feature excess mucus from hypertrophied glands and goblet cells clogs large airways, distinguishing it over B's location or C's causality.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Bronchiectasis shows airway dilation up to four times normal size (A), a hallmark of permanent damage. Choice B is false; it affects lower lobes (gravity-dependent). Choice C is incorrect; it's usually bilateral. Choice D is wrong; squamous metaplasia occurs. Choice E (variable histology) is true. Page 728 details A's dilation chronic inflammation/necrosis widens bronchi, with fibrosis or abscesses in severe cases, contrasting with B's lobe error or D's metaplasia denial.