The primary force responsible for the movement of air into the lungs during inspiration?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Pressure difference (D) drives inspiration . Diaphragm contraction drops intrapulmonary pressure (-1 to -3 mmHg below 760 mmHg), creating a gradient (Q19). Atmospheric pressure (A) is static (760 mmHg); the difference moves ~500 mL (Vt). Spasms (B) aren't normal mechanics. Surfactant (C) aids stability, not airflow. D's gradient (2-3 mmHg) unlike A's baseline powers ventilation (Boyle's law), per physiology (Q52).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lowers FRC. FRC (~2 L vs. 2.5 L) shrinks with stiff lungs (compliance < 0.1 L/cm H2O, Q1). Tidal volume (B) drops (< 500 mL) due to restriction. Vascular resistance rises (C, false, Q10). TLC falls (D, false, < 6 L). A's reduction unlike B's increase reflects fibrosis' limit on resting volume (ERV + RV decrease), per restrictive physiology (Q45).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A positive tuberculin test (D) indicates sensitivity to tuberculo-protein from past or current Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induration (e.g., ≥10 mm) shows T-cell memory, not active disease (A), which requires symptoms or imaging. It doesn't confer immunity (B) latent TB can reactivate or susceptibility (C); it reflects exposure. None' dismisses this. Positive results, common in endemic areas, guide further evaluation (e.g., chest x-ray) to distinguish latent TB (90% of cases) from active, critical in public health and nursing for TB control and treatment initiation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hypoventilation reduced alveolar ventilation causes hypercapnia (A), COâ‚‚ buildup from inadequate exhalation (e.g., PaCOâ‚‚ >45 mmHg), as in COPD or sedation. Hypocapnia (B) requires hyperventilation opposite physiology. Both' (C) contradicts; ventilation dictates COâ‚‚ direction. Neither' (D) dismisses the effect. This respiratory acidosis (low pH, high COâ‚‚) contrasts with hypocapnia's alkalosis, key in blood gas interpretation, guiding ventilatory support or oxygen titration in acute care nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hydrothorax pleural fluid from systemic pressure ties to congestive heart failure (B), raising venous pressure (e.g., right heart failure), yielding transudate. Friction rub (A) fits pleuritis. Thoracic duct rupture (C) causes chylothorax. Pseudomonas (D) links to empyema. Emphysematous bleb causes pneumothorax. CHF's fluid overload is key, guiding diuretics in chest nursing.