The primary agent of socialization is the

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors necessary to function within their society. The family is universally recognized as the primary agent of socialization because it is the first social environment a person encounters, starting at birth. It lays the foundation for language, cultural practices, and interpersonal relationships, shaping an individual's identity before external influences take hold. Sociological theories, such as Talcott Parsons' functionalism, emphasize the family's critical role in early socialization, making 'Family,' the correct answer. 'Society,' is too vague, as it includes all agents rather than pinpointing the primary one. 'Religious centre,' and 'Social centre,' represent secondary agents that influence socialization later in life and are not universally experienced by all individuals from the outset. For instance, not everyone attends religious or social centers, but everyone begins within a family unit (biological or otherwise). The family's primacy stems from its immediacy and intimacy, providing the initial framework that other agents build upon, thus justifying A as the definitive answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The program that loads automatically when a computer starts is the firmware, typically the BIOS or UEFI, stored in read-only memory (ROM). 'ROM,' is correct because it holds this non-volatile code, ensuring it's available at boot, per computer hardware principles (e.g., Stallings' Computer Organization). 'RAM,' is volatile, losing data when powered off, unfit for permanent boot storage. 'Hard disk,' stores the operating system (e.g., Windows), loaded after the firmware initializes. 'Windows,' is the OS, not the initial boot program. ROM's non-volatile nature and role in housing the bootstrap loader, which starts the system before the OS, make B the accurate answer, distinct from volatile or secondary storage options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a patient lacks understanding of surgical risks, the nurse's role is to ensure informed consent, a cornerstone of autonomy. 'Explain the risks of the procedure to the patient,' is correct because it addresses the knowledge gap directly, aligning with the ANA Code of Ethics and patient advocacy. 'Make Mr. Kaka sign the consent form,' violates informed consent if he's uninformed. 'Reschedule the surgery for the next day,' delays care without solving the issue. 'Notify the Doctor,' is appropriate but secondary; the nurse can first educate, as physicians typically explain risks, yet nurses reinforce understanding. Explaining risks empowers Mr. Kaka to make an informed decision, making B the best immediate action, rooted in nursing's educational duty.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pharmacokinetics studies how the body handles drugs—absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). 'Pharmacokinetic,' is correct, aligning with this definition (e.g., Rowland & Tozer's Clinical Pharmacokinetics). 'Pharmacodynamic,' focuses on drug effects on the body, not movement. 'Pharmacotherapeutic,' relates to treatment outcomes, not processes. 'Pharmacognosy,' studies drug origins, not kinetics. Pharmacokinetics' emphasis on ADME processes—tracking a drug's journey—makes B the precise answer, foundational in drug development and dosing.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Research problems arise from unresolved issues needing investigation. 'Resolved issues,' is correct as the exception because they lack the uncertainty or need for study that defines a research problem, per research methodology (e.g., Creswell). 'Recurring problems,' prompts research to find solutions. 'Gaps in the body of knowledge,' drives inquiry into unknowns. 'Personal experiences,' can inspire research questions. Resolved issues, already addressed, don't require further exploration, making D the accurate exclusion, reflecting research's focus on open questions.