The pathological process causing esophageal varices is:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Portal hypertension causes blood to back up into esophageal veins.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hydration, gentle soap, and lotion prevent cracking and infection.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Total patient care assigns one nurse to all of a patient's needs e.g., a student nurse managing a single client's meds, hygiene, and monitoring. Common in training and private duty, it ensures focused, hands-on learning or personalized care, unlike team nursing (group tasks), primary nursing (24-hour oversight), or case management (coordination). Its simplicity suits educational and one-on-one settings, enhancing skill mastery.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Shushurutu, an ancient surgical text, originated in India around 1000 BCE, detailing procedures like cataract surgery. Unlike China, Egypt, or Babylonia, India's Ayurvedic tradition birthed this, shaping early medical knowledge. Nursing traces such roots, as ancient practices inform modern care techniques and historical context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rosario Delgado was the inaugural PNA president in 1922, leading its founding e.g., pushing licensure exams. Giron-Tupas (founder), Sotejo (educator), and Tupas (relative) differ. Her role established Filipino nursing's professional voice, a foundational step in its organizational history.