The part of loop of Henle which is permeable to water is?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The thin descending limb of the Loop of Henle is highly permeable to water due to aquaporin-1 channels, allowing water to exit into the hyperosmotic medullary interstitium, concentrating the filtrate. The thick ascending limb is impermeable to water, actively reabsorbing Na⁺ and Cl⁻, and the thin ascending limb has limited water permeability, making C correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Atelectasis, the collapse of lung alveoli, is the most common preventable complication after abdominal surgery due to shallow breathing from pain or anesthesia effects. It's mitigated by deep breathing exercises and incentive spirometry. Fluid imbalance (B), thrombophlebitis (C), and urinary retention (D) occur but are less frequent and often less preventable with routine nursing interventions, making A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The kidneys' primary function is blood filtration (B), removing waste (e.g., urea), regulating electrolytes, and maintaining fluid/acid-base balance via glomeruli, producing filtrate for urine. Storage (A) is the bladder's role, contractions (C) aid micturition, and urethra expansion (D) is minor, making B the core function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Inulin measures GFR (A) as it's filtered without tubular handling, its concentration rises in the proximal tubule (B) due to water reabsorption, and PAH measures RPF (C) as it's filtered and secreted, clearing most from plasma. All are true: inulin's properties suit GFR, its concentration reflects reabsorption, and PAH's clearance reflects RPF, making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Angiotensin II (AII) increases sodium reabsorption (D) in the proximal tubule and via aldosterone, raising blood volume. It indirectly aids water (A), doesn't decrease sodium (B), and isn't self-forming (C), making D the key effect.