The parents of a newborn are concerned that their son's scrotum is enlarged and swollen on one side. The nurse's best response would be:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A hydrocele (C), fluid in the scrotum, often resolves by 1 year. Size difference (A) is normal but not swollen, bruising (B) or blood (D) suggest hematoma, not fluid. Document: 'These signs are indicative of a hydrocele… [that] usually corrects itself in a year.'

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a complication of group A Streptococcus infection, diagnosed by the Jones criteria. Arthritis (Choice A) is the most common presenting feature, occurring in 60-75% of cases, typically as migratory polyarthritis affecting large joints. Carditis (Choice B) occurs in 50-60% of cases and is a major criterion, but it’s less frequent at initial presentation than arthritis. Erythema marginatum (Choice C) and subcutaneous nodules (Choice D) are rare, occurring in <5% and <1% of cases, respectively, and are not the most common presenting features. Arthritis’s high prevalence and early onset make it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lissencephaly, a smooth brain appearance, results from defective neuronal migration (Choice C) during weeks 8-14 of gestation, impairing cortical layer formation. Myelination (Choice A) occurs later. Neuronal and glial proliferation (Choice B) precedes migration. Neuronal organisation (Choice D) follows migration. Migration defects cause lissencephaly’s hallmark.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Choice C is false; an emergency court order is indicated if parents refuse hospitalization in suspected abuse with safety risks (AAP). All other statements (A, B, D, E) are true per abuse protocols.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Length may stay normal in chronic malnutrition as stunting lags, unlike weight-for-height or weight , which drop acutely (WHO). D, E decline later.