The nurse teaches a client with diabetes to perform daily foot inspections to check for skin breakdown. This teaching is an example of which level of prevention?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Teaching a diabetic client daily foot inspections is tertiary prevention, managing an existing condition to prevent complications like ulcers or amputations. Diabetes is chronic, and this intervention post-diagnosis focuses on reducing further harm by catching skin issues early, a common risk due to neuropathy. Primary prevention, like diet to avoid diabetes, precedes onset. Secondary prevention screens for initial signs, not ongoing care. 'Chronic' isn't a level. Nursing's tertiary role here empowers self-monitoring, critical since poor circulation masks injuries studies show inspections slash amputation rates. This aligns with chronic disease management, ensuring the client maintains function and avoids escalation, reflecting nursing's emphasis on practical, preventive care within an established illness.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Immobility reduces cardiac output by limiting muscle activity that aids venous return, leading to sluggish circulation and blood pooling, heightening deep vein thrombosis risk. This cardiovascular effect stems from less demand on the heart and poor venous flow, a serious concern in bedridden patients. Reduced breathing capacity affects oxygenation, not circulation directly, while muscle weakness and bone density loss impact strength and structure, not blood flow. Nurses monitor this to prevent clot formation, using interventions like leg exercises or compression devices, recognizing that circulation impairment is a critical link to thrombosis in prolonged stillness.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Professionalism in nursing demands self-direction (autonomous decision-making), a spirit of inquiry (research-driven practice), and independence (accountability), traits ensuring quality care. Concern with quantity focusing on output over excellence clashes with this. Nurses prioritize quality, using tools like audits to assess effectiveness (e.g., patient recovery rates), not just the number of tasks completed. This aligns with Jahoda's definition and nursing's ethical code, where patient outcomes trump volume, a principle reinforced in practice standards and education.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Arranging dental education for children targets health promotion, enhancing well-being through lifestyle choices like proper brushing to prevent cavities. This proactive step builds health habits, aligning with nursing's aim to protect and improve health before illness strikes, distinct from preventing specific diseases (illness prevention). High-level wellness seeks maximal potential, broader than this focused event. Reversal of self-care deficits involves therapeutic fixes, not education. Health promotion here empowers kids with skills brushing technique to maintain oral health, reducing future dental issues. It's primary prevention in action, leveraging community teaching to instill lifelong practices, a core nursing strategy for population health that prioritizes empowerment over reaction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Removing an indwelling catheter requires washing hands (asepsis), deflating the balloon (via syringe, e.g., 10 mL), and applying gentle traction to slide it out, minimizing trauma. Inflating the balloon before removal damages the urethra incorrect and harmful. Explaining and pulling without deflation skips a critical step, risking injury. Screening and explaining are preparatory, but 'pulling gently' alone lacks deflation, incomplete and unsafe. The correct sequence hands washed, balloon deflated, gentle traction follows nursing standards (e.g., catheter care protocols), ensuring safety and comfort, making it the precise technique.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Good recording requires brevity (1), completeness/chronology (2), appropriateness (3), and accuracy (4) all (D), per legal standards. Partial sets (A, B, C) omit essentials. D ensures thorough, clear records, making it correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Passive immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies, best exemplified by an infant getting maternal antibodies via breast milk. Vaccinations trigger active immunity, infection produces personal antibodies, and antibiotics treat bacteria, not immunity. This natural transfer protects newborns, a concept nurses teach in infant care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Clamping above the port 30-60 minutes e.g., pooling fresh urine ensures an accurate sample, unlike below (stagnant) or short times (insufficient). Nurses perform this e.g., sterile syringe for reliable catheter specimens, per infection control and lab standards.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ethics committees address dilemmas (B), per their role resolving conflicts (e.g., treatment disputes). Rules (A) and laws (D) are administrative/legislative, punishment (C) disciplinary not ethics-focused. B aligns with committee purpose, making it correct.