The nurse is preparing to assist the patient in using the incentive spirometer. Which nursing intervention should the nurse provide first?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Performing hand hygiene first prevents microbial transmission, a foundational step before any patient contact or device use like the incentive spirometer. This reduces infection risk, critical post-surgery when immunity may be compromised. Positioning in reverse Trendelenburg or high Fowler's follows, aiding lung expansion, but hygiene precedes to ensure safety. Explaining the mouthpiece and instructing slow inhalation are teaching steps, done after hands are clean to avoid contamination. The nurse's adherence to this sequence hygiene first upholds asepsis, setting the stage for effective spirometry to prevent atelectasis, aligning with infection control and respiratory care standards.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Socialization is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to participate in society. Its functions include moral development (learning ethical standards), personality development (forming individual traits), and the development of defense mechanisms (coping strategies for social pressures). The question asks for an option that is not a function but rather the process itself. 'Socialization,' is the process, not an outcome, making it the exception and the correct answer. 'Moral development,' is a function, as socialization instills moral norms, per Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral growth. 'Personality development,' is another function, aligning with Sigmund Freud's view that social interactions shape personality. 'Development of defense mechanism,' is a function too, as individuals learn adaptive responses through social experiences, per psychoanalytic theory. Socialization as a term describes the mechanism, not a specific result, distinguishing it from the functional outcomes in B, C, and D, thus confirming A as the correct choice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In bacterial cells, the vacuole is a membrane-bound structure that can store waste materials, nutrients, or gases, serving as a temporary holding area. 'Vacuole,' is correct because it aligns with this function, as seen in certain bacteria like cyanobacteria, where gas vacuoles manage buoyancy or waste. 'Mesosomes,' are invaginations of the plasma membrane involved in respiration or cell division, not waste storage. 'Ribosomes,' are sites of protein synthesis, unrelated to storage. 'Nucleoplasm,' refers to the nuclear region in eukaryotic cells, not bacteria, which lack a true nucleus; their genetic material is in the cytoplasm. Bacterial vacuoles, though less common than in eukaryotes, are documented in microbiology texts (e.g., Prescott's Microbiology) as storage compartments, making A the accurate answer, distinct from the metabolic or structural roles of the other options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Computers' relevance in modern society stems from their ability to perform diverse tasks across industries. 'Versatility,' is correct because it highlights this adaptability—handling everything from medical diagnostics to communication—as noted in tech sociology (e.g., Castells' Network Society). 'Price,' varies and isn't the core reason for relevance; affordability enables use, not impact. 'Speed,' is a feature, but alone doesn't explain broad utility. 'Program,' is a component, not the overarching reason. Versatility allows computers to serve education, healthcare, and more, adapting to user needs via software, making B the standout answer, reflecting their transformative role in daily life and infrastructure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Litigation is the process of initiating a lawsuit to resolve disputes, including against a nurse for errors. 'Litigation,' is correct because it describes this legal action, as per legal terminology (e.g., Black's Law Dictionary). 'Assault,' is a tort, not the act of suing. 'Contract,' is an agreement, not a lawsuit. 'Mitigation,' means reducing harm, not pursuing legal recourse. Litigation encompasses filing claims (e.g., for negligence), making C the precise answer, reflecting the formal process of addressing an erring nurse's actions in court.