The nurse is evaluating the goals for a client with atypical pneumonia. Which finding indicates that an outcome has been successfully met?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Uninterrupted sleep (A) indicates a met outcome in atypical pneumonia (e.g., Mycoplasma) rest reflects reduced dyspnea/fever. Splinting (B) is ongoing, not a resolution marker. Normal temperature (C) is partial success. Oâ‚‚ need (D) suggests unresolved hypoxemia. The document's answer (A) fits sleep improvement (e.g., 6-8 hours) signals recovery from fatigue, distinguishing it from D's dependency.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The pericardium, a double-layered sac, surrounds and protects the heart, with a fibrous outer layer anchoring it and a serous inner layer reducing friction via pericardial fluid. The pleura encase the lungs, not the heart. The myocardium is the heart's muscle layer, not a membrane. The mediastinum is the thoracic region, not a protective sac. This pericardial shield prevents overexpansion and infection, essential for heart function, a fundamental concept in cardiac anatomy, relevant in conditions like pericarditis where inflammation disrupts this protection.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The ductus arteriosus, a fetal vessel, shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, bypassing nonfunctional lungs oxygen comes from the placenta. The fossa ovalis is a postnatal remnant of the foramen ovale, which shunts atrial blood. Trabeculae carneae are ventricular ridges, not shunts. This temporary conduit closes after birth (ligamentum arteriosum), redirecting blood to the lungs, a key fetal adaptation ensuring systemic oxygenation, critical in congenital defects like patent ductus arteriosus where closure fails.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood the left ventricle ejects into the aorta per minute, typically 5-6 liters at rest, calculated as stroke volume (blood per beat) times heart rate. 'Cardiac input' isn't a standard term venous return approximates it. Stroke volume is per beat (~70 mL), not minute. Heart rate is beats per minute, not volume. CO measures heart efficiency, key in assessing circulation and diagnosing failure where output drops, a vital metric in cardiovascular physiology and clinical monitoring.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cardiac reserve is the difference between maximum cardiac output (e.g., during exercise, ~20 L/min) and resting CO (~5 L/min), reflecting the heart's capacity to increase pumping. Stroke volume is per beat. Peripheral resistance is vascular opposition, not output. Afterload is arterial pressure resisted. Reserve, boosted by rate and contractility, gauges heart health, key in fitness and failure where it diminishes, a vital performance indicator.