The nurse is evaluating a patient for urinary retention. What clinical presentation would the nurse expect to find if the patient is experiencing urinary retention?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Urinary retention, the inability to empty the bladder fully, causes a distended bladder and lower abdominal discomfort (B) due to urine accumulation. Frequency (A) suggests urgency, clear urine (C) is unrelated, and rapid stream (D) contradicts retention, making B the expected finding.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (C) reabsorbs ~65% of glomerular filtrate, including water, glucose, and ions, due to its microvilli and carrier proteins. The glomerulus (A) filters, not reabsorbs, the collecting tubule (B) adjusts urine concentration, and the ureter (D) transports urine, making C the primary reabsorption site.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced in the hypothalamus (D), specifically in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, then stored in the posterior pituitary. Juxtaglomerular cells (A) produce renin, anterior pituitary (B) releases ACTH, and adrenal cortex (C) makes aldosterone, making D correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The macula densa, part of the distal convoluted tubule, contacts juxtaglomerular cells at the afferent arteriole, forming the JGA to regulate renin (A). This anatomical feature is true, not false (B), making A correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Na⁺ reabsorption in the PCT uses active transport (D) via Na+/K+ ATPase and Na+/H+ exchangers, not phagocytosis (A), endocytosis (B), or diffusion (C), making D the primary mechanism.