The nurse is encouraging a reluctant postoperative patient to deep breathe and cough. What explanation can the nurse provide that may encourage the patient to cough more effectively?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Explaining that coughing won't harm the incision if done correctly with splinting reassures the patient, encouraging effective coughing to clear mucus trapped by anesthesia's suppression of reflexes. This reduces atelectasis risk without fear of wound damage. Warning of pneumonia, while true, sounds threatening and less therapeutic. Coughing clears mucus, not anesthesia (metabolized by the body), so that's inaccurate. Limiting coughs to ‘a few times' underestimates the need every 2 hours is standard. This positive, accurate encouragement boosts compliance, ensuring respiratory health while protecting surgical integrity, per evidence-based recovery practices.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors necessary to function within their society. The family is universally recognized as the primary agent of socialization because it is the first social environment a person encounters, starting at birth. It lays the foundation for language, cultural practices, and interpersonal relationships, shaping an individual's identity before external influences take hold. Sociological theories, such as Talcott Parsons' functionalism, emphasize the family's critical role in early socialization, making 'Family,' the correct answer. 'Society,' is too vague, as it includes all agents rather than pinpointing the primary one. 'Religious centre,' and 'Social centre,' represent secondary agents that influence socialization later in life and are not universally experienced by all individuals from the outset. For instance, not everyone attends religious or social centers, but everyone begins within a family unit (biological or otherwise). The family's primacy stems from its immediacy and intimacy, providing the initial framework that other agents build upon, thus justifying A as the definitive answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nosocomial infections, also called hospital-acquired infections, are those contracted by patients during their stay in a healthcare facility, typically after admission. 'During the course of hospitalization,' is correct because it matches this definition, as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO), where infections emerge 48 hours or more after admission, often from hospital pathogens like MRSA. 'While conveying patient to the hospital,' refers to pre-admission exposure, not nosocomial. 'From very close relations,' suggests community-acquired infection, not hospital-specific. 'From a patient's residence,' also points to pre-hospital sources. The term nosocomial' derives from Greek words meaning hospital-related disease, emphasizing infections tied to healthcare settings, making A the precise answer, rooted in clinical epidemiology's focus on hospital environments.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The program that loads automatically when a computer starts is the firmware, typically the BIOS or UEFI, stored in read-only memory (ROM). 'ROM,' is correct because it holds this non-volatile code, ensuring it's available at boot, per computer hardware principles (e.g., Stallings' Computer Organization). 'RAM,' is volatile, losing data when powered off, unfit for permanent boot storage. 'Hard disk,' stores the operating system (e.g., Windows), loaded after the firmware initializes. 'Windows,' is the OS, not the initial boot program. ROM's non-volatile nature and role in housing the bootstrap loader, which starts the system before the OS, make B the accurate answer, distinct from volatile or secondary storage options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a patient lacks understanding of surgical risks, the nurse's role is to ensure informed consent, a cornerstone of autonomy. 'Explain the risks of the procedure to the patient,' is correct because it addresses the knowledge gap directly, aligning with the ANA Code of Ethics and patient advocacy. 'Make Mr. Kaka sign the consent form,' violates informed consent if he's uninformed. 'Reschedule the surgery for the next day,' delays care without solving the issue. 'Notify the Doctor,' is appropriate but secondary; the nurse can first educate, as physicians typically explain risks, yet nurses reinforce understanding. Explaining risks empowers Mr. Kaka to make an informed decision, making B the best immediate action, rooted in nursing's educational duty.