The nurse is caring for a potential surgical patient in the preadmission testing unit. The medication history indicates that the patient is currently taking warfarin (Coumadin). Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Warfarin, an anticoagulant, delays clotting, posing a bleeding risk in surgery, so the nurse should consult the physician about the INR to assess clotting status. INR measures prothrombin time, indicating warfarin's effect typically held 5-7 days pre-op to normalize (INR 1.0-1.5). Chest X-rays assess lungs, not clotting. BUN evaluates kidney function, unrelated to warfarin's impact. CBC provides general blood data, but INR specifically tracks anticoagulation reversal needs. This action ensures the surgical team adjusts warfarin safely, preventing intraoperative hemorrhage while balancing thromboembolism risks, aligning with preoperative protocols for anticoagulant management.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Anesthesia lowers metabolism, reducing heat production and causing postoperative hypothermia (97°F) and shivering, as the body's thermoregulation is depressed. A gown alone or laminar flow contributes minimally in a short procedure like carpal tunnel repair. No open body cavity exists here unlike major surgeries so heat loss is limited. The nurse's recognition guides warming measures (e.g., blankets), aligning with recovery care to restore normothermia safely.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Personality development is influenced by factors like culture, environment, and social groups, which shape an individual's traits and behaviors over time. 'Nutrition,' is correct as the answer because it is not a direct determinant of personality, though it impacts physical health. Culture (Choice A) defines values and norms that mold personality, as seen in cross-cultural psychology studies. Group (Choice B) refers to social interactions, such as peer influence, which shape traits, per social learning theory by Albert Bandura. Environment (Choice C) encompasses upbringing and surroundings, critical in Erik Erikson's psychosocial development stages. Nutrition, while essential for brain development and overall health, lacks a direct link to personality traits like extroversion or conscientiousness in psychological models, unlike the other options. Its effects are more physiological than psychological, making D the factor least related to personality development, consistent with established theories focusing on social and environmental influences.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Susceptibility to infection hinges on factors that directly affect the body's ability to resist pathogens. 'Racial status,' is correct as the factor that does not typically influence susceptibility, as race is a social construct with no direct biological link to immune response, per modern medical consensus (e.g., WHO). 'Immune status,' is a key determinant, as a weakened immune system (e.g., HIV) increases infection risk. 'Nutritional status,' matters, as malnutrition impairs immune function (e.g., vitamin deficiencies). 'Metabolic disorder,' like diabetes, heightens susceptibility by disrupting immune responses. Unlike these physiological factors, racial status lacks evidence as a direct causal factor in infection risk, though socioeconomic disparities tied to race might indirectly affect health. Its exclusion from clinical determinants of susceptibility makes B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In legal systems, particularly civil law, the burden of proof for negligence lies with the plaintiff—the party bringing the case. 'Plaintiff,' is correct because they must demonstrate the defendant's duty, breach, causation, and damages, as per tort law principles (e.g., Prosser's Law of Torts). 'Defendant,' defends against claims, not proves them, unless counterclaiming. 'Court,' adjudicates, not bears proof. 'Corporate Organization,' is irrelevant unless a party, and even then, it's the plaintiff's role. The plaintiff's obligation to establish negligence, rooted in common law traditions like the U.S. or UK systems, makes A the accurate answer, reflecting the adversarial process where the accuser substantiates the claim.