The nurse is caring for a patient intraoperatively. Primary roles of the circulating nurse include

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The circulating nurse, a registered nurse, primarily establishes and implements the care plan intraoperatively, coordinating preoperative assessments, intraoperative needs, and postoperative continuity. This role oversees patient safety, advocacy, and resource management, distinct from the scrub nurse's tasks maintaining sterile fields, applying drapes, and handing instruments which focus on technical support. The circulator's broader responsibility ensures holistic care, like verifying consents or allergies, adapting to complications, and documenting, aligning with perioperative nursing's comprehensive scope to protect patient well-being throughout surgery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nosocomial infections, also called hospital-acquired infections, are those contracted by patients during their stay in a healthcare facility, typically after admission. 'During the course of hospitalization,' is correct because it matches this definition, as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO), where infections emerge 48 hours or more after admission, often from hospital pathogens like MRSA. 'While conveying patient to the hospital,' refers to pre-admission exposure, not nosocomial. 'From very close relations,' suggests community-acquired infection, not hospital-specific. 'From a patient's residence,' also points to pre-hospital sources. The term nosocomial' derives from Greek words meaning hospital-related disease, emphasizing infections tied to healthcare settings, making A the precise answer, rooted in clinical epidemiology's focus on hospital environments.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The program that loads automatically when a computer starts is the firmware, typically the BIOS or UEFI, stored in read-only memory (ROM). 'ROM,' is correct because it holds this non-volatile code, ensuring it's available at boot, per computer hardware principles (e.g., Stallings' Computer Organization). 'RAM,' is volatile, losing data when powered off, unfit for permanent boot storage. 'Hard disk,' stores the operating system (e.g., Windows), loaded after the firmware initializes. 'Windows,' is the OS, not the initial boot program. ROM's non-volatile nature and role in housing the bootstrap loader, which starts the system before the OS, make B the accurate answer, distinct from volatile or secondary storage options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a patient lacks understanding of surgical risks, the nurse's role is to ensure informed consent, a cornerstone of autonomy. 'Explain the risks of the procedure to the patient,' is correct because it addresses the knowledge gap directly, aligning with the ANA Code of Ethics and patient advocacy. 'Make Mr. Kaka sign the consent form,' violates informed consent if he's uninformed. 'Reschedule the surgery for the next day,' delays care without solving the issue. 'Notify the Doctor,' is appropriate but secondary; the nurse can first educate, as physicians typically explain risks, yet nurses reinforce understanding. Explaining risks empowers Mr. Kaka to make an informed decision, making B the best immediate action, rooted in nursing's educational duty.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pharmacokinetics studies how the body handles drugs—absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). 'Pharmacokinetic,' is correct, aligning with this definition (e.g., Rowland & Tozer's Clinical Pharmacokinetics). 'Pharmacodynamic,' focuses on drug effects on the body, not movement. 'Pharmacotherapeutic,' relates to treatment outcomes, not processes. 'Pharmacognosy,' studies drug origins, not kinetics. Pharmacokinetics' emphasis on ADME processes—tracking a drug's journey—makes B the precise answer, foundational in drug development and dosing.