The nurse is caring for a client with a fractured tibia who has just received a cast. Following application of the cast, the client complains of increased pain. The nurse should:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Administering pain medication as ordered addresses increased pain post-casting for a fractured tibia, likely from swelling elevation helps but isn't enough, removal is premature, and ice over plaster is less effective. Nurses assess neurovascular status, ensuring comfort while monitoring for compartment syndrome in orthopedic care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chest pain with inspiration (pleuritic) supports pulmonary embolism, from infarcted lung tissue absent breath sounds suggest pneumothorax, wheezing fits asthma, and low fever is nonspecific. Nurses report this, aiding rapid diagnosis, vital for this respiratory emergency.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, such as rewards or punishments, distinguishing it from classical conditioning. Choice A, a dog salivating at a bell, is an example of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned response (salivation) via repeated pairing, as demonstrated by Pavlov. In contrast, choice B, a rat pressing a lever for food, exemplifies operant conditioning, as the rat learns to perform an action (lever press) to receive a reward (food). Choice C, a crow pecking a key for food, also fits operant conditioning, as the behavior is reinforced by a positive outcome. Choice D, 'all of the above,' is incorrect because A is not operant conditioning. B is the correct answer as it clearly illustrates a behavior shaped by its consequence, a core principle of operant conditioning. Nurses apply this concept in behavior modification therapies, reinforcing positive actions to improve patient outcomes, making it critical to distinguish between these learning types.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) follows rheumatic fever, triggered by an immune response to infection. Meningococci (choice A) cause meningitis, not RHD. Choice B (Group A B hemolytic staphylococci) is a misnomer; staphylococci don't cause RHD. Pneumococci (choice C) lead to pneumonia, not rheumatic fever. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (choice D, Streptococcus pyogenes) cause pharyngitis, initiating an autoimmune reaction damaging heart valves in RHD. D is correct, reflecting the established etiology. Nurses administer penicillin, monitor cardiac function, and educate on prophylaxis, preventing progression.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: During tonic-clonic seizures, safety is paramount. Oxygen (choice A) may follow but isn't first. Sitting/water (choice B) risks aspiration, inappropriate. Protecting from injury (choice C) padding, clearing objects prevents harm during convulsions. Restraints (choice D) worsen injury. C is correct, per seizure protocol. Nurses time seizures, ensure airway post-ictal, and reassure, prioritizing safety.