The nurse is assessing a client who has herpes zoster. Which question will allow the nurse to gather further information about this condition?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Asking 'Has everyone at home already had varicella?' gathers relevant information about herpes zoster. Herpes zoster (shingles) results from reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. Those without prior varicella exposure are at risk of contracting it from the client's active lesions, necessitating precautions. Antifungal creams treat fungal infections, not viral zoster, sharing combs relates to lice, and dry patches are nonspecific, making the varicella question most pertinent to transmission risk.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is the primary site for secretion in the renal tubule system. It actively secretes substances such as hydrogen ions, potassium, and certain drugs from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen, aiding in waste elimination and pH regulation. Unlike the proximal convoluted tubule, which is lined with microvilli and excels at reabsorption, the DCT lacks microvilli, enhancing its secretory role. The Loop of Henle focuses on creating a concentration gradient, and the collecting duct adjusts water and electrolyte balance, making the DCT the correct answer for secretion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Distension of the urinary bladder is caused by an increase in intra-vesical pressure as urine volume rises, stretching the bladder wall. This activates stretch receptors, producing the micturition reflex: reflex contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal and external urethral sphincters, facilitating urination. This differs from relaxation, sphincter contraction, or pain alone, making B the correct cause and effect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Renal clearance measures the volume of plasma cleared of a substance per unit time, reflecting kidney function. For substances like creatinine, clearance approximates GFR, indicating filtration efficiency. Abnormal clearance suggests impaired glomerular or tubular function, making it a valuable diagnostic tool, thus A (True) is correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is isosmotic (~300 mOsm/L), as water and solutes (e.g., Na⁺, Cl⁻) are reabsorbed proportionally via leaky epithelium and aquaporins. This maintains osmolarity similar to plasma. It's not hyperosmotic (A) or hypoosmotic (C), and ADH affects later segments (D), making B correct.