The nurse is assessing a 4 month-old infant. Which motor skill would the nurse anticipate finding?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Holding a rattle is a 4-month milestone; others develop later.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Madeleine Leininger's theory positions caring as nursing's essence, a unifying force distinguishing it from medicine or other fields. Developed in the 1970s, her Culture Care Theory asserts that care is a universal human need, but its expression varies culturally. She describes it as central (core to nursing), unifying (binding the profession), and dominant (setting it apart), unlike Benner's skill focus, Watson's spiritual caring, or Swanson's process-oriented approach. For example, a nurse adjusting pain management for a patient's cultural beliefs reflects Leininger's view. Her mnemonic ‘CUD I LIE IN GER' (Central, Unifying, Dominant) aids recall, emphasizing caring's primacy. This perspective shaped transcultural nursing, urging practitioners to integrate cultural competence into care, a critical distinction in today's diverse healthcare landscape.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer's Grand Theory of Nursing as Caring, from the 1990s, posits all humans as caring, with nursing responding to this ‘moral imperative' e.g., aiding a stranger instinctively. Unlike Erickson's modeling, Peterson's humanism, or Benner's skill focus, it's a grand theory emphasizing universal caring, shaping ethical nursing practice and education.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers (1970s) theorized humans as unitary beings with subsystems (cells, organs) and suprasystems (family, society) e.g., a patient's recovery ties to both physiology and social support. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, her model emphasizes interconnectedness, guiding nurses in holistic assessments across all levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rectal thermometers have pear-shaped or round bulbs for safety e.g., preventing injury in infants. Oral temps are less accurate than rectal (gold standard), older age lowers BMR (metabolism slows), and swimming increases BMR (activity boosts it). This design ensures accurate, safe measurement, per nursing protocols.