The nurse coming on shift on the medical unit is taking a report on four patients. What patient does the nurse know is at the greatest risk of developing ESKD?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (leading cause); hypertension; chronic glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; obstruction of the urinary tract; hereditary lesions, such as in polycystic kidney disease; vascular disorders; infections; medications; or toxic agents may cause ESKD. A patient with more than one of these risk factors is at the greatest risk for developing ESKD. Therefore, the patient with diabetes and hypertension is likely at highest risk for ESKD.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (C) reabsorbs ~65% of glomerular filtrate, including water, glucose, and ions, due to its microvilli and carrier proteins. The glomerulus (A) filters, not reabsorbs, the collecting tubule (B) adjusts urine concentration, and the ureter (D) transports urine, making C the primary reabsorption site.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The PCT has simple cuboidal epithelium (D) with microvilli for reabsorption. Stratified squamous (A) is in skin, transitional (B) in bladder, and ciliated columnar (C) in airways, making D correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion (D), reducing urine volume by retaining water. Decreased K⁺ (A), increased Na⁺ (B), or more output (C) oppose this, making D correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: ADH is triggered by dehydration to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys.