The nurse caring for a client with pneumonia reviews the medical administration record and order sheet. Which agent should the nurse expect to administer? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Oxygen (A), mucolytics, antibiotics, and bronchodilators treat pneumonia, but A is primary per the document. Oxygen corrects hypoxemia (PaOâ‚‚ <60 mmHg). Mucolytics (B) thin mucus, antibiotics (C) kill bacteria (e.g., azithromycin), and bronchodilators (D) ease breathing. Laxatives are irrelevant. A's emphasis reflects pneumonia's core issue impaired gas exchange from consolidation requires Oâ‚‚, distinguishing it as the expected first-line agent.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The trachea filters air we breathe, lined with cilia and mucus that trap dust and microbes, preventing lung entry part of the mucociliary escalator. Gaseous exchange occurs in alveoli, not the trachea, which only conducts air. Exhalation is a lung-diaphragm action; the trachea is a passive conduit. 'All' is wrong filtering is its sole listed role. This protective function, supported by C-shaped cartilage keeping it open, ensures clean air reaches the lungs, critical for respiratory health, distinct from exchange or expulsion processes, a key anatomical distinction in airway mechanics.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The fibrous pericardium, the pericardium's outermost layer, is inelastic dense irregular connective tissue, anchoring the heart to the diaphragm and sternum, preventing overstretch. The parietal layer is serous, lining the fibrous part, not the outer tissue. Serous pericardium includes parietal and visceral (epicardium) layers, both thin and lubricative. The epicardium is the heart's surface, not pericardial. This tough fibrous layer's protective rigidity contrasts with the serous layers' fluidity, a structural balance critical for heart stability, key in understanding pericardial anatomy and conditions like constrictive pericarditis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Atrial contraction (atrial systole) pushes blood through atrioventricular valves tricuspid to the right ventricle, mitral to the left topping off ventricular filling before systole. Auricles are atrial extensions, not destinations. Arteries receive blood from ventricles, not atria. Veins deliver to atria, not from them. This valve passage, late in diastole, boosts ventricular volume by 20-30%, enhancing stroke volume, a subtle but vital step in the cardiac cycle, critical in understanding preload and atrial contribution to heart efficiency.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Ventricular systole is when the largest blood volume enters the arteries left ventricle into the aorta, right into the pulmonary trunk as contraction ejects stroke volume (~70 mL/beat). Atrial diastole fills atria, not arteries. Ventricular diastole fills ventricles, not direct artery entry. Atrial systole adds to ventricular filling (~20-30% of volume), not artery flow. Systole's forceful push, timed with semilunar valve opening, maximizes arterial delivery, key to systemic and pulmonary circulation, a pivotal phase in cardiac output and pressure wave generation.