The nurse assesses a client who is newly diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and observes that the client's eyeballs are protuberant, causing a wide-eyed appearance and eye discomfort. Based on this finding, which action should the nurse include in this client's plan of care?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: For a client with hyperthyroidism showing protuberant eyeballs (exophthalmos) and discomfort, the nurse should obtain a prescription for artificial tear drops. Exophthalmos, common in Graves' disease, causes eye dryness and irritation due to incomplete lid closure. Lubricating drops relieve symptoms and prevent corneal damage. Levothyroxine worsens hyperthyroidism, intracranial pressure isn't related, and electrolytes, while relevant, don't address the eye issue directly, making artificial tears the most appropriate action.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The filtration membrane is a three-layered structure between the blood in glomerular capillaries and the glomerular capsule's interior. It comprises the fenestrated endothelium (allowing small molecules to pass), the basement membrane (a fused basal lamina filtering proteins), and the visceral layer of the capsule (podocytes with filtration slits). This setup filters plasma into the capsule, unlike the proximal tubule (reabsorption) or collecting duct (water adjustment), making B the correct description.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Glomerular blood pressure is high due to the anatomical difference where afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles, creating resistance to outflow. This elevates glomerular hydrostatic pressure (around 55 mmHg), driving filtration. Low oncotic pressure or high capsular pressure would reduce filtration, and the basement membrane's thickness doesn't directly affect pressure, making C correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glucose reabsorption from the tubular lumen to the proximal tubule cell occurs via secondary active transport using sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLT). The Na⁺ gradient, maintained by Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, drives glucose uptake against its gradient, requiring energy indirectly. It's not passive (A, C) or downhill (B), making D correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: With ADH, water reabsorption in the collecting duct is passive, driven by the osmotic gradient (up to 1200 mOsm/kg Hâ‚‚O) in the medulla. ADH increases aquaporin-2 in both cortical and medullary segments, allowing water to move down its gradient, not actively pumped. It's not limited to cortical (D) or active (A, B), making C correct.