The normal specific gravity of urine is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Urine specific gravity is 1.010-1.030 e.g., reflects hydration per norms. Lower (dilute), higher (concentrated) differ. Nurses measure e.g., refractometer for kidney function, per diagnostics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Knowledge in nursing varies by source and objectivity, with traditional and authoritative types being subjective. Traditional knowledge, passed down through generations like family remedies relies on personal or cultural experience, lacking standardized validation, thus varying by individual perception. Authoritative knowledge, from experts like seasoned clinicians, depends on their subjective interpretation of expertise, influenced by personal biases or context, not universal proof. Scientific knowledge, derived from rigorous research, and evidence-based practice, integrating that research with outcomes, aim for objectivity through replicable evidence. The scientific method underpins both, emphasizing measurable, unbiased results. Subjective knowledge shapes nursing by reflecting human experience, but its variability requires nurses to balance it with objective data, ensuring care respects client beliefs while grounding interventions in proven efficacy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The Agent-Host-Environment Model excels in analyzing disease causation by external factors, viewing illness as an interaction between an agent (e.g., bacteria), host (individual), and environment (living conditions). For example, tuberculosis arises from a germ (agent), a susceptible person (host), and crowded settings (environment), pinpointing risk factors like sanitation. The Health-Illness Continuum tracks health status, not causes. The High-Level Wellness Model focuses on optimal functioning, not etiology. The Health Belief Model explains behavior, not disease origins. This model's triad framework aids nurses in identifying external triggers like pollution or vectors tailoring prevention, making it uniquely effective for dissecting environmental contributions to illness, a critical tool in public health nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: For a terminally ill client nearing death, health promotion shifts from cure to comfort and dignity, aligning with holistic care. Arranging hospice services supports this by providing pain relief, emotional support, and family assistance promoting quality of life in the final stage, not prolonging it. Teaching infection prevention or encouraging exercise fits earlier prevention levels, irrelevant here as the focus isn't averting illness but easing suffering. Screening for other conditions adds burden without benefit, as the terminal prognosis overshadows new diagnoses. Hospice reflects nursing's role in tertiary prevention mitigating decline and enhancing well-being amid inevitability. For instance, managing dyspnea or anxiety via hospice ensures peace, not futile resistance, embodying health promotion's adaptability to life's end, where comfort becomes the ultimate health goal.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is characterized by the kidneys' inability to filter waste and maintain homeostasis, leading to specific clinical findings. Iron-deficient anemia (A) occurs due to reduced erythropoietin production by failing kidneys, impairing red blood cell synthesis. Decreased creatinine clearance (C) is a hallmark of ESRD, reflecting the kidneys' diminished filtration capacity, causing creatinine to accumulate in the blood. Metabolic acidosis (D) results from the kidneys' failure to excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate, lowering blood pH. Increased albumin levels (B) are incorrect because ESRD often leads to hypoalbuminemia due to proteinuria and malnutrition, not increased levels. Increased serum calcium (E) and respiratory alkalosis (F) are not typical; instead, hypocalcemia and compensatory respiratory changes might occur but aren't primary findings. The question asks for typical findings, and while A, C, and D apply, the CSV format requires a single correct answer, so C is selected as a key indicator due to its direct tie to renal filtration failure, a core feature of ESRD.