The medical-surgical nurse, who cares for a patient newly diagnosed with cancer, observes the patient becoming angry with the physicians and nursing staff. The best approach to diffuse the emotionally charged discussion is to:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Anger in a new cancer diagnosis reflects grief or fear. Directing the discussion and validating emotions (C) (e.g., 'I see you're upset, let's talk about it') de-escalates tension without false promises. Time alone (A) may isolate, peer talks (B) lack control, and social work (D) delays immediate response, making C the best approach.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The macula densa senses NaCl delivery (A), signals renin release when low (B), triggering angiotensin II and aldosterone (C). All are true—NaCl sensing adjusts GFR, low delivery prompts renin, leading to systemic effects—making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Aspirating urine from the self-sealing port with a sterile needle after antiseptic wipe (B) ensures a fresh, uncontaminated sample from the catheter, ideal for accurate culture and sensitivity. Disconnecting tubing (A) risks contamination, drainage bag urine (C) is stagnant and unreliable, and clamping then aspirating (D) is unnecessary and risks backflow, making B the standard, sterile method.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The ureter is lined with transitional epithelium (B), accommodating urine passage. Stratified squamous (A) is in skin, ciliated columnar (C) in fallopian tubes, and cuboidal (D) in tubules, making B the lining.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Glomerular filtration is passive (B), driven by hydrostatic pressure, not ATP (A). Active transport occurs in reabsorption, not filtration, making False the correct answer.