The major morphological changes seen in chronic bronchitis include (old paper)

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased mucosal gland depth (Reid index) (D) is a major morphological change in chronic bronchitis'. Choice A (lymphocyte infiltration) is true but less dominant. Choice B is false; goblet cells increase, especially in small airways. Choice C (smooth muscle hypertrophy) is asthma-related. Choice E (normal Reid index 0.4) is incorrect; it rises in disease. Page 722 emphasizes D's gland hyperplasia measured as gland-to-wall thickness ratio as the primary structural shift from chronic irritation, driving mucus production, unlike B's decrease or C's misplacement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Skin lesions occur in one-third to one-half of sarcoidosis patients (B), resembling SLE (Page 738-739). Choice A is false; spleen is affected microscopically in 75%, enlarged in 20%. Choice C is incorrect; muscle involvement is common but asymptomatic. Choice D is wrong; isolated hilar lymphadenopathy has a good prognosis. Choice E (65% recover) is true. Page 739 confirms B's frequency cutaneous involvement is significant, unlike A's rarity or C's symptom claim.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All listed features of Moraxella catarrhalis (A-C) are true, making D (none true) incorrect. Choice A is correct; it causes pneumonia in elderly. Choice B is accurate; it's second to H influenzae in COPD exacerbations. Choice C is true; it's a key otitis media pathogen in kids. Choice E (all true) aligns with text. Page 748 confirms A-C's roles M catarrhalis's gram-negative diplococcus nature targets vulnerable groups, contradicting D's denial with its established pathogenicity across these conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fungal infections like histoplasmosis resemble tuberculosis (C), with granulomas. Choice A is false; it's not immunocompromised-specific (also immunocompetent). Choice B is incorrect; inflammation is granulomatous, not suppurative. Choice D is wrong; Histoplasma produces yeast, not hyphae (others do). Choice E (common in HIV) is true. Page 754 details C's mimicry Histoplasma's TB-like lesions confuse diagnosis, unlike A's restriction or D's morphology error.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The larynx separates the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper tract includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx, handling air intake and conditioning. The lower tract trachea, bronchi, and lungs focuses on gas exchange. The larynx, with its vocal cords and epiglottis, marks this boundary, preventing food entry into the airway during swallowing. Bronchi, within the lungs, are lower tract structures. The epiglottis, part of the larynx, aids closure but isn't the divider itself. Palatine tonsils, in the pharynx, fight infection, not division. The larynx's role as a structural and functional transition point is key, linking air passage to voice production while guarding the lower airway, essential for respiratory system organization.