The main goal of treatment for acute glomerulonephritis is to:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acute glomerulonephritis involves inflammation of the glomeruli, often leading to fluid retention, hypertension, and edema due to impaired filtration. The primary treatment goal is to maintain fluid balance, preventing overload or dehydration by monitoring intake, output, and weight, and adjusting fluids accordingly. Encouraging activity (A) may worsen strain, high protein intake (B) is avoided due to proteinuria, and catheterization (D) is not routine, making C the correct focus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Catheterization and irrigations risk trauma to the urinary tract (e.g., urethra) and infection (e.g., CAUTI) (D) due to invasive entry and bacterial introduction. Kidney stones (A), urgency (B), and nocturia (C) are less directly linked, making D the primary complication.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Isotonic Ringer's expands volume, raising cardiac output and renal flow (A), increasing GFR (B), and elevating ANP while lowering renin (C) to excrete excess. All are true—volume boosts output/flow, GFR rises, ANP counters renin—making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The renal cortex, the outer kidney layer, contains glomeruli and tubules, not pyramids (A), papillae (B), or calyces (C), which are in the medulla or pelvis. ‘None of the preceding' (D) fits, as these structures are absent from the cortex, making D correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a natriuretic hormone, is produced by the heart's atria, not kidneys (B), to reduce sodium and volume. Kidneys produce renin and erythropoietin, making False the correct answer over True (A).