The greenhouse effect is primarily driven by which of the following processes?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2, CH4, H2O) absorb and re-emit infrared radiation from Earth's surface, trapping heat in the atmosphere. Ozone absorbs UV (~200-310 nm), protecting life, not driving greenhouse warming false. Cloud reflection (albedo ~0.3) cools by deflecting solar radiation, not trapping heat false. Conduction transfers heat to air, but radiation dominates atmospheric retention false. Absorption/re-emission of infrared (~4-100 μm) by gases increases atmospheric temperature (e.g., ~33°C warmer than without), per radiative forcing models (e.g., IPCC), making it the primary process, central to climate dynamics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mesoderm forms blood vessels (A), dermis (B), and spleen (C), contributing to connective tissues, muscles, and organs during embryogenesis. The epidermis (D), however, derives from ectoderm, forming the skin's outer layer, including keratinocytes. Blood vessels arise from mesodermal angioblasts, the dermis from mesodermal fibroblasts, and the spleen from mesodermal mesenchyme in the dorsal mesogastrium. Epidermis, from surface ectoderm, differentiates into stratified squamous epithelium, distinct from mesodermal derivatives. D is the exception its ectodermal origin contrasts with the others' mesodermal roots.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fertilization occurs in the uterine tube (A), typically the ampulla, where sperm penetrate the corona radiata (B) using hyaluronidase. The acrosome reaction (C), releasing enzymes to breach the zona pellucida, happens at the oocyte, not vagina, where sperm capacitation occurs. The second meiotic division (D) completes post-penetration, forming the mature ovum. C is false acrosome reaction's location at the oocyte, not vagina, makes it the exception.