The greatest increase in the physiological dead space would be expected with?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pulmonary embolism (A) boosts physiological dead space most . It blocks perfusion, raising V/Q (ventilated, unperfused alveoli), adding to anatomic dead space (~150 mL). Atelectasis (B) collapses alveoli, cutting Va, not Vd. Pneumothorax (C) collapses lungs, not increasing Vd directly. Bronchoconstriction (D) traps air, not dead space. A's perfusion loss unlike B's ventilation drop spikes Vd (e.g., 300 mL), per V/Q mismatch physiology (Q66).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A positive tuberculin test (D) indicates sensitivity to tuberculo-protein from past or current Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induration (e.g., ≥10 mm) shows T-cell memory, not active disease (A), which requires symptoms or imaging. It doesn't confer immunity (B) latent TB can reactivate or susceptibility (C); it reflects exposure. None' dismisses this. Positive results, common in endemic areas, guide further evaluation (e.g., chest x-ray) to distinguish latent TB (90% of cases) from active, critical in public health and nursing for TB control and treatment initiation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hypoventilation reduced alveolar ventilation causes hypercapnia (A), COâ‚‚ buildup from inadequate exhalation (e.g., PaCOâ‚‚ >45 mmHg), as in COPD or sedation. Hypocapnia (B) requires hyperventilation opposite physiology. Both' (C) contradicts; ventilation dictates COâ‚‚ direction. Neither' (D) dismisses the effect. This respiratory acidosis (low pH, high COâ‚‚) contrasts with hypocapnia's alkalosis, key in blood gas interpretation, guiding ventilatory support or oxygen titration in acute care nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hydrothorax pleural fluid from systemic pressure ties to congestive heart failure (B), raising venous pressure (e.g., right heart failure), yielding transudate. Friction rub (A) fits pleuritis. Thoracic duct rupture (C) causes chylothorax. Pseudomonas (D) links to empyema. Emphysematous bleb causes pneumothorax. CHF's fluid overload is key, guiding diuretics in chest nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Polycythemia Vera (PV), there is usually no splenomegaly' (C) is false splenomegaly occurs in 75% from marrow overproduction (JAK2 mutation), but assuming intent, no true option fits perfectly. Erythropoietin (A) is low, not high autonomous RBC production. All lines (B) rise RBCs, WBCs, platelets. Arterial saturation (D) is normal. Hypoferremia (E low iron) is common from RBC demand. C's negation aligns with PV's triad, key in nursing for phlebotomy monitoring.