The gradient in osmotic concentration of the inter

Question 1 of 4

The gradient in osmotic concentration of the interstitial fluid in the medulla of the kidney is caused by:

A. blood flowing through the vasa recta. B. Na+ and Cl- pumped out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and urea. C. Na+ and Cl- pumped out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle and urea. D. water diffusing out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle and aldosterone.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ascending limb pumps out Na+ and Cl-, creating gradient.

Question 2 of 4

What's the difference between complicated and uncomplicated UTI?

A. Uncomplicated: normal anatomy, women more likely; Complicated: abnormal anatomy, men more likely B. Uncomplicated: abnormal anatomy, men more likely; Complicated: normal anatomy, women more likely C. Uncomplicated: affects kidneys, men more likely; Complicated: affects bladder, women more likely D. Uncomplicated: requires surgery, women more likely; Complicated: no surgery, men more likely

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Uncomplicated has normal anatomy, common in women; complicated has abnormalities, more in men.

Question 3 of 4

A client with Cushing's syndrome is recovering from an elective laparoscopic procedure. Which assessment finding warrants immediate intervention by the nurse?

A. Irregular apical pulse B. Purple marks on skin of the abdomen C. Quarter-size blood spot on dressing D. Pitting ankle edema

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: An irregular apical pulse in a client with Cushing's syndrome post-laparoscopy warrants immediate intervention. Cushing's causes hypercortisolism, which can lead to hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmias, especially under surgical stress. An irregular pulse may indicate a life-threatening dysrhythmia requiring urgent ECG evaluation and electrolyte correction. Purple marks (striae) are typical of Cushing's, a small blood spot is expected post-op, and pitting edema, while concerning, is less acute than a cardiac issue, making the pulse the priority.

Question 4 of 4

The HCP prescribes radiation therapy for a client with terminal metastatic osteosarcoma who is experiencing increased pain due to spinal compression. The client asks the nurse why radiation therapy is prescribed. Which mechanism supports the use of RT in the client's metastatic cancer?

A. Implementation of all possible treatments offers clients the best chance of survival B. Pain relief can be provided by shrinking tumors that press against spinal nerves C. RT is an alternative to surgery that affects tumor growth and eradicates cancer D. Evidence indicates that RT can prolong life in clients with metastatic cancers

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Radiation therapy (RT) in terminal metastatic osteosarcoma with spinal compression is prescribed to provide pain relief by shrinking tumors pressing against spinal nerves. In palliative care, RT reduces tumor size locally, alleviating nerve compression and pain, improving quality of life. It's not curative or a survival extender in terminal cases, nor a surgical alternative here, as metastasis is widespread. The primary mechanism is palliation, making pain relief the accurate explanation for the client.

The gradient in osmotic concentration of the interstitial fluid in the medulla of the kidney is caused by:

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