The founder of modern nursing is:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Florence Nightingale is recognized as modern nursing's founder, transforming it into a respected profession in the 19th century. Her work during the Crimean War improving sanitation, reducing mortality established nursing's scientific and caring ethos. She wrote 'Notes on Nursing,' formalizing education and practice standards, shifting nursing from untrained aid to a skilled discipline. Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory, influential but later (20th century). Jean Watson's Caring Theory emphasizes humanism, building on Nightingale's legacy, not founding it. Callista Roy's Adaptation Model is another modern framework, not foundational. Nightingale's pioneering efforts in hygiene, education, and professionalization laid the groundwork, making her the historical and symbolic founder of modern nursing globally.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Removing an indwelling catheter requires washing hands (asepsis), deflating the balloon (via syringe, e.g., 10 mL), and applying gentle traction to slide it out, minimizing trauma. Inflating the balloon before removal damages the urethra incorrect and harmful. Explaining and pulling without deflation skips a critical step, risking injury. Screening and explaining are preparatory, but 'pulling gently' alone lacks deflation, incomplete and unsafe. The correct sequence hands washed, balloon deflated, gentle traction follows nursing standards (e.g., catheter care protocols), ensuring safety and comfort, making it the precise technique.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: 1800 ml converts to 1.8 liters (1000 ml = 1 L).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Genu-pectoral is synonymous with knee-chest.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pulse pressure is systolic minus diastolic: 150 - 96 = 54.