The foundation of research is based on which of the following:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The scientific method defining a question, hypothesizing, experimenting, analyzing, and concluding forms research's foundation, providing a structured, replicable approach to generate reliable knowledge. In nursing, it underpins evidence-based practice, like testing a new wound care protocol. Experience informs research but lacks systematic rigor alone; it's subjective and anecdotal. Problem-solving is a skill applied within research, not its base lacking the method's objectivity. Critical thinking is essential for interpreting data or designing studies, but it's a tool, not the framework. The scientific method's disciplined process ensures findings are valid and generalizable, distinguishing research from intuition or trial-and-error. It's the gold standard for building nursing knowledge, validating interventions, and improving patient outcomes, making it the foundational element of research.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A 79-year-old malnourished client on bed rest faces the highest risk for decubitus ulcers (pressure injuries). Immobility from bed rest causes prolonged pressure on bony prominences (e.g., sacrum), while malnutrition impairs tissue repair (e.g., low protein), accelerating skin breakdown. Obesity with wheelchair use risks pressure, but mobility shifts weight, reducing duration. Incontinence with diarrhea irritates skin, but without immobility, pressure isn't constant. An ambulatory diabetic moves freely, minimizing pressure despite circulation risks. The bedridden, malnourished client combines immobility, poor nutrition, and age-related skin fragility, topping risk scales (e.g., Braden), making them the most vulnerable in nursing assessment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A community shares common attributes or connections.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Gait describes walking patterns.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All positions (knee-chest, Sims, horizontal recumbent) are suitable for rectal exams.