The following nitrogenous wastes are excreted by the kidney EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The kidney excretes nitrogenous wastes from protein metabolism. 'Carbon dioxide,' is correct as the exception, expelled by lungs, per physiology (e.g., Guyton). 'Urea,' 'Uric acid,' and 'Creatinine,' are renal excretions from amino acid and muscle breakdown. CO2's respiratory elimination contrasts with the kidney's nitrogenous waste role, making D the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Special senses are complex, receptor-specific (vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance). 'Touch,' is correct as the exception, a general somatic sense, per physiology (e.g., Costanzo). 'Vision,' 'Hearing,' and 'Taste,' are special. Touch's broad mechanoreception distinguishes C as the precise answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet stain due to thick peptidoglycan. 'Escherichia,' is correct as the exception, gram-negative (e.g., E. coli), per microbiology (e.g., Murray). 'Staphylococcus,' 'Streptococcus,' and 'Bacillus,' are gram-positive. Escherichia's gram-negative wall makes C the precise answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.