The following factor(s) tend(s) to INCREASE the rate of glomerular filtration (GFR):

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Decreased albumin (A) reduces oncotic pressure, vasodilation of the afferent arteriole (B) increases glomerular pressure, and efferent vasoconstriction (C) raises it further, all boosting GFR. All are true: low albumin lessens opposition, afferent dilation enhances flow, and efferent constriction traps pressure, making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The bladder lies posterior to the pubic symphysis (D), a key anatomical position. It has smooth muscle (detrusor), not skeletal (A), connects to the urethra, not ureter (B), and is innervated by pelvic nerves, not cranial XI (C), making D the correct feature.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Glucose is filtered at the glomerulus and fully reabsorbed in the PCT (B), not secreted, under normal conditions. Secretion (A, C) or no reabsorption (D) occurs only in pathology (e.g., diabetes), making B correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Amino acids (B) are reabsorbed in the PCT, not secreted, to conserve nutrients. Organic acids (A), bases (C), and creatinine (D) are secreted to eliminate waste, making B the exception.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Frequent small voids suggest overflow incontinence post-surgery, so checking residual urine with ultrasound (A) assesses bladder emptying. Monitoring I&O (B) delays intervention, fluids (C) don't address retention, and reassurance (D) ignores the issue, making A most appropriate.