The following are methods of sterilization EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sterilization eliminates all microbes. 'Incubation,' is correct as the exception, growing organisms, per microbiology (e.g., Prescott). 'Autoclaving,' uses steam. 'Dry heat,' uses ovens. 'Filtration,' removes microbes. Incubation's growth purpose makes D the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Congenital anomalies are birth defects. 'Pneumonia,' is correct as the exception, an acquired infection, per pediatrics (e.g., Nelson). 'Cleft palate,' 'Spina bifida,' and 'Club foot,' are congenital. Pneumonia's post-birth onset makes D the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fungal diseases are caused by fungi. 'Malaria,' is correct as the exception, protozoan (Plasmodium), per mycology (e.g., Alexopoulos). 'Ringworm,' 'Candidiasis,' and 'Athlete's foot,' are fungal. Malaria's parasitic nature makes C the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Immune system diseases involve immune dysfunction. 'Cancer,' is correct as the exception, primarily oncological, per immunology (e.g., Janeway). 'Lupus,' 'Rheumatoid arthritis,' and 'HIV,' affect immunity. Cancer's cellular origin makes D the precise answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The third stage of general anesthesia (surgical anesthesia) requires maintaining proper patient positioning to ensure airway patency and alignment for surgical access. Restraining is more relevant in the excitement stage, emergency equipment is for complications, and keeping the room quiet is more pertinent during induction.