The following are examples of non-sterile specimens EXCEPT

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Non-sterile specimens come from areas of the body naturally colonized by microbes, while sterile specimens are from normally microbe-free sites. 'Urine,' is the correct answer as the exception because, in a healthy individual, urine in the bladder is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where contamination may occur. Choices A, 'Nasal secretion,' B, 'Vaginal secretion,' and D, 'Vomitus,' are non-sterile, as the nasal passages, vagina, and gastrointestinal tract harbor normal flora (e.g., Staphylococcus in the nose, Lactobacillus in the vagina). Microbiology standards, like those in clinical lab manuals, classify urine as potentially sterile when collected midstream, unlike the others, which are inherently non-sterile due to resident bacteria. The question's focus on non-sterile specimens' excludes urine's typical sterility in the upper urinary tract, making C the standout answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Assault in tort law is an intentional act causing reasonable fear of imminent harm, without physical contact. 'Assault,' is correct because pointing a needle at a phobic child deliberately induces fear, meeting this definition (e.g., Restatement (Second) of Torts). 'Malpractice,' requires professional negligence with harm, not just intent. 'Negligence,' lacks intent, unlike this deliberate act. 'Battery,' requires physical contact, which didn't occur. The nurse's intentional threat, exploiting the child's phobia, fits assault's criteria—fear without touch—making B the accurate answer, distinct from negligence or contact-based torts.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill a wide range of bacteria, disrupting normal flora and allowing opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Clostridium difficile) to overgrow, causing superinfection. 'Super infection,' is correct, as per infectious disease texts (e.g., Mandell's Principles). 'Hypersensitivity,' is an allergic reaction, not flora-related. 'Direct toxicity,' is organ damage from the drug, not microbial imbalance. 'Toxicity,' is too broad, missing the specific overgrowth context. Superinfection's link to antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, like pseudomembranous colitis, makes A the accurate answer, distinct from immune or toxic effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Florence Nightingale is recognized as the first nurse researcher for her pioneering statistical analysis of hospital mortality during the Crimean War. 'Florence Nightingale,' is correct, as her work (e.g., Notes on Nursing) laid foundations for evidence-based practice, per nursing history (e.g., Judd's Nursing Theories). 'Calista Roy,' and 'Betty Neuman,' developed later models (adaptation, systems). 'Dorothea Orems,' focused on self-care theory, not early research. Nightingale's use of data to improve care marks her as the originator, making C the precise answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sample size is the number of units chosen to represent a population. 'Sample size,' is correct, per statistical design (e.g., Kish), determining study precision (e.g., 100 nurses). 'Sample frame,' is the population list. 'Sampling unit,' is a single entity. 'Sampling fraction,' is the proportion sampled. Sample size's focus on the count of representatives distinguishes D as the accurate answer.