The following are correct actions when taking radial pulse except:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Using the thumb to palpate radial pulse is incorrect e.g., its own pulse interferes unlike fingers (index, middle) on the inner wrist, palm down, assessing rate, rhythm, volume, and symmetry. Nurses avoid this e.g., per skills training for accurate, interference-free measurement.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ernestine Wiedenbach's Clinical Nursing A Helping Art Model (1960s) frames nursing as an art meeting patient needs e.g., teaching insulin use. Swanson's caring, Hall's core-care-cure, and Zderad's humanism differ. Wiedenbach's practical, clinical focus guides purposeful interventions, shaping training and bedside care with its emphasis on intentional, skilled assistance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A closed system, per systems theory, is isolated e.g., a candle dies under glass from no oxygen. Unlike open systems (Roy's humans), it blocks matter, energy, or information, a 'sole island.' Nurses contrast this with patients' open-system needs, like environmental adjustments, per theoretical models.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Gordon's Functional Health Patterns (1980s) assess stressors' impact on mind, body, and environment re: ADLs e.g., mobility post-stroke. Head-to-toe (physical), body systems (organs), and cephalocaudal (top-down) differ. Nurses use this e.g., holistic plans for function-focused care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pulsus paradoxus is an exaggerated systolic drop (>10 mmHg) on inspiration e.g., pericardial effusion due to heart compression. Increase (opposite), positional pulse (unrelated) differ. Nurses detect this e.g., sphygmomanometer for emergencies, per pathophysiology.