The elderly are at high risk of ADRs due to:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because an age-related decline in renal function slows drug excretion, increasing ADR risk as drugs accumulate. Choice A is incorrect as muscle mass decreases with age, not increases. Choice B is wrong because studies are often limited in the elderly, not extensive. Choice C is incorrect since the blood-brain barrier's permeability doesn't typically lessen, and higher doses aren't standard.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because early refills, lost prescription claims, and multiple prescribers are classic misuse signs, per DEA and clinical red flags. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one sign. Choice B is wrong by itself because lost reports are just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since multiple prescribers is only one indicator.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Choice C is correct because upregulation (more receptors) or hypersensitization from chronic antagonist use can cause an exaggerated rebound response if withdrawn, as seen with beta blockers. Choice A is incorrect as increased response occurs during use, not withdrawal. Choice B is wrong because decreased response isn't typical of upregulation. Choice D is incorrect since refractoriness relates to agonists, not this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because without records, assuming unvaccinated and starting the series ensures protection. Choice B is incorrect (titers not practical initially). Choice C is wrong (single doses insufficient). Choice D is inaccurate (registry already checked).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because passive monitoring relies on patient feedback, like reporting ineffectiveness, rather than active measures like lab tests. Choice A is incorrect as therapeutic levels are active monitoring. Choice B is wrong because adjusting medications is an intervention, not monitoring. Choice C is incorrect since provider visits are active engagement, not passive.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because women's lower lean mass reduces the volume of distribution for water-soluble drugs, increasing concentrations and ADR risk. Choice A is incorrect as lipid-soluble drugs distribute more in fat, not necessarily causing more ADRs. Choice C is wrong because protein binding isn't sex-specific enough here. Choice D is incorrect since only water-soluble drugs align.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because insulin (protein stability), amoxicillin suspension (post-reconstitution), and vaccines (biological potency) require refrigeration to maintain efficacy, per storage guidelines. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one drug. Choice B is wrong by itself because amoxicillin is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since vaccines are only one group.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam), antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine), and opioids (e.g., oxycodone) all cause sedation, increasing fall risk in the elderly, per Beers Criteria. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one class. Choice B is wrong by itself because antihistamines are just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since opioids are only one group.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because an age-related decline in renal function slows drug excretion, increasing ADR risk as drugs accumulate. Choice A is incorrect as muscle mass decreases with age, not increases. Choice B is wrong because studies are often limited in the elderly, not extensive. Choice C is incorrect since the blood-brain barrier's permeability doesn't typically lessen, and higher doses aren't standard.