The client is in stress because he was told by the physician he needs to undergo surgery for removal of tumor in his bladder. Which of the following are effects of sympatho-adrenomedullary response by the client? 1. Constipation 2. Urinary frequency 3. Hyperglycemia 4. Increased blood pressure

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The sympatho-adrenomedullary response, part of the fight-or-flight reaction to stress (surgery news), releases catecholamines like epinephrine, causing hyperglycemia (3) and increased blood pressure (4). Hyperglycemia results from glycogenolysis to fuel energy needs. Blood pressure rises due to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. Constipation (1) isn't immediate; stress slows digestion long-term. Urinary frequency (2) contradicts the response's fluid retention. Only 3 and 4 (A) match acute sympathetic activation, making it correct over broader or incorrect combinations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Asking Whitney to express feelings (B) is most appropriate, fostering therapeutic communication, per Rogers. 'Don't worry' (A) and 'everything's alright' (C) dismiss anxiety. Diversion (D) avoids emotions. B addresses her fear, making it correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Listening (B) is most effective for covert communication hidden feelings per Rogers, detecting subtle cues. Validation (A) confirms, evaluation (C) judges, clarification (D) seeks overt meaning. Listening uncovers the unspoken, making it correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Client goals are specific, measurable, attainable, time-bound (A), per SMART criteria. General (B) lacks focus, C details criteria not truth, D is an example, not definition. A defines goal-setting, making it correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nursing process (B) is a comprehensive, systematic framework used by nurses to deliver patient-centered care. It encompasses five steps: assessment (data collection), diagnosis (identifying health problems), planning (setting goals and interventions), implementation (carrying out the plan), and evaluation (assessing outcomes). This definition matches the description in the question as a rational, organized method applicable to individuals, families, groups, and communities. Assessment (A) is only the first step, not the entire method. Diagnosis (C) is a single phase focused on problem identification, while implementation (D) is the action phase, neither encompassing the full scope described. The nursing process integrates critical thinking and evidence-based practice to ensure holistic care, making B the accurate answer reflecting its broad, systematic nature.