The 'ball' of food that is swallowed and moved through the esophagus is called the

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A bolus is the rounded mass of food formed in the mouth and swallowed, moving through the esophagus, making C the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A chronic productive cough is a hallmark of COPD, distinguishing it from asthma's variability, making A the best answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Diabetic retinopathy is a classic microvascular complication of diabetes, affecting small vessels, making C the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Peak flow <33% of best/predicted indicates a severe asthma exacerbation per guidelines, making C the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: H. pylori resides in the mucus layer of the stomach, where it exerts its urease activity. It does not invade the epithelium. The production of ammonia, the stimulation of acid secretion, and the disruption to the protective mucus layer are three mechanisms by which H. pylori promotes injury. H. pylori also stimulates interleukin-8, a cytokine associated with inflammation. H. pylori is causally associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma of the stomach. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to cause regression of MALT lymphoma, but it has not been shown to prevent adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Three- or four-drug regimens are superior to two-drug regimens.