The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Florence Nightingale pioneered the idea that a patient's environment directly impacts recovery, a cornerstone of modern nursing. In the 19th century, she observed that poor sanitation, inadequate ventilation, and excessive noise hindered healing, while clean, well-ventilated spaces supported it. Her work during the Crimean War demonstrated this, reducing mortality rates by altering hospital conditions. She viewed the patient as having innate reparative abilities, enhanced by environmental factors like hygiene and comfort, rather than relying solely on medical intervention. This differed from later theorists: Benner focused on skill acquisition, Swanson on caring processes, and King on goal attainment through nurse-client interactions. Nightingale's rejection of germ theory didn't diminish her environmental focus, which remains influential. Her theory laid the groundwork for nursing's emphasis on holistic care, prioritizing the manipulation of external conditions to nurture the body's natural healing processes, a principle still evident in infection control and patient comfort practices today.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Dark Period (16th-18th centuries) began with Martin Luther's 1517 Reformation, challenging Catholicism e.g., closing church-run hospitals. Unlike Apprentice (religious care), Contemporary (modern), or Educative (formal training), this era saw nursing decline as prostitutes and slaves took over, marking a low point before professional revival.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A patient's chart is a secondary source compiled by others (e.g., past nurses' notes), not directly from the patient (primary). Tertiary sources (textbooks) or mixed classifications don't fit. Charts provide historical data e.g., prior vitals crucial for nursing continuity, per documentation standards.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Younger people have higher pulse rates e.g., 80-100 bpm vs. 60-80 in adults due to faster metabolism. Males post-puberty have lower rates (strength), digitalis slows (negative chronotropic), and lying lowers pulse (rest). Nurses note this e.g., pediatric norms per physiology.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Abdominal quadrants are examined RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ e.g., starting liver, appendix, spleen, colon for systematic coverage. Other orders lack this flow. Nurses use this e.g., in pain assessment for consistent, thorough evaluation, per clinical practice.