Standard chemotherapy for advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Rituximab + CHOP, for advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma due to proven efficacy in clinical trials. Rituximab targets CD20 on B-cells, enhancing CHOP's effectiveness. A: m-BACOD and B: PROMACE-CytaBOM are outdated regimens. C: CHOP alone lacks the benefit of rituximab's targeted therapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because t(c-myc) in Burkitt's lymphoma is actually a translocation between chromosome 8 and 14 or less commonly 8 and 22. This translocation leads to the overexpression of c-myc oncogene. Choice B is correct as Burkitt's lymphoma often presents with abdominal involvement in HIV patients. Choice C is true as the characteristic "starry sky" appearance is due to the high number of macrophages engulfing apoptotic lymphoma cells. Choice D is also true, as cyclophosphamide is a common chemotherapy drug used to treat Burkitt's lymphoma.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Reticulocytes. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells released by the bone marrow into the bloodstream during erythropoiesis. They still contain remnants of ribosomal RNA, giving them a reticulated appearance under a microscope. Myelocytes (A) are immature white blood cells, not involved in erythropoiesis. Ring sideroblasts (C) are found in the bone marrow in certain types of anemia, not a direct sign of erythropoiesis. Target cells (D) are red blood cells with a target-like appearance due to excess membrane, not specific to erythropoiesis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Binding antithrombin III. Heparin enhances the activity of antithrombin III, which in turn inhibits several clotting factors, specifically thrombin and factor Xa. This prevents the formation of fibrin clots. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because heparin does not inhibit vitamin K factors, prevent platelet activation, or activate tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) directly. Heparin works primarily by enhancing the inhibitory action of antithrombin III on clotting factors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Allograft. An allograft is a graft between members of the same species but with different genetic makeup (not identical twins). This answer is correct because allografts involve transplanting tissues or organs from one individual to another within the same species. Autograft (A) is a graft from one part of the body to another in the same individual. Isograft (B) is a graft between identical twins. Xenograft (C) is a graft between different species. In this context, allograft is the most appropriate term for graft between members of the same species with different genetic makeup.