Since the emergence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there have been significant changes in epidemiologic trends. At present, members of which group are most affected by new cases of HIV?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Male-to-male sexual contact. This is because statistics show that men who have sex with men (MSM) are the group most affected by new cases of HIV. MSM is considered a high-risk group due to various factors like higher prevalence of HIV within the community, higher rates of unprotected sex, and multiple sexual partners. Choice B is incorrect as heterosexual contact has a lower incidence rate compared to MSM. Choice C is incorrect as the combination of male-to-male sexual contact with injection drug use is less common than MSM alone. Choice D is incorrect because age group 25 to 29 may not necessarily be the most affected group in terms of new HIV cases.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Obtaining a stool culture is important to identify possible pathogens causing chronic diarrhea in a client with AIDS. This intervention will help determine the appropriate treatment and management plan. A: Positioning the client in high Fowler position is not directly related to managing chronic diarrhea in this case. B: Temporarily eliminating animal protein from the diet may not be necessary and could deprive the client of essential nutrients. C: Making sure the client eats raw fruit may exacerbate diarrhea due to the high fiber content, which could worsen the condition. In summary, obtaining a stool culture is crucial for identifying the cause of chronic diarrhea in a client with AIDS, while the other options are not directly related or may even be counterproductive.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct initial response is B: "How has this affected your life?" This response demonstrates therapeutic communication by acknowledging the patient's feelings and concerns, and encourages the patient to express their thoughts and emotions. By asking about the impact on her life, the nurse can gather more information about the patient's symptoms, daily activities, and overall well-being, which can help in developing a comprehensive care plan. Choice A is incorrect because simply instructing the patient to continue taking supplements without further assessment of the situation may not address the underlying issues causing the fatigue. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests a solution without understanding the patient's specific situation. Choice D is incorrect because it assumes stress is the primary cause of the tiredness without exploring other potential factors contributing to the symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Corticosteroid. Corticosteroids are typically the first-line treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia as they help suppress the immune system's attack on red blood cells. They reduce inflammation and prevent further destruction of red blood cells. Blood transfusions (B) may be necessary in severe cases to address anemia but do not treat the underlying autoimmune process. Immunosuppressant drugs (C) are used if corticosteroids are ineffective or not tolerated. Removal of the spleen (D) may be considered in refractory cases but is not usually the initial treatment choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Verifies that the client has given informed consent. Before performing any invasive procedure like a bone marrow aspiration, it is crucial for the nurse to ensure that the client has given informed consent. This involves explaining the procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives to the client, allowing them to ask questions, and obtaining their signature on the consent form. This step is essential to ensure the client understands the procedure and willingly agrees to it. Choice A is incorrect because cleaning the biopsy site with an antiseptic should be done in the treatment room, not before taking the client there. Choice B, holding the client's hand and asking about concerns, is a good practice for providing emotional support but does not address the necessary step of verifying informed consent. Choice C, reviewing the client's platelet count, is important for assessing the client's readiness for the procedure but does not address the consent aspect, which is crucial before any invasive procedure.