Signs and symptoms of lower UTI include:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lower UTI symptoms include dysuria, smelly urine, frequent urination, and blood.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: To calculate the IV rate for 1800 ml of D5W over 24 hours, divide total volume by time: 1800 ml ÷ 24 hr = 75 ml/hr. The microdrop factor (60 drops/ml) is irrelevant for programming the pump, which uses ml/hr. 50 ml/hr (1200 ml/day) is too slow, 100 ml/hr (2400 ml) and 125 ml/hr (3000 ml) exceed the order, confirming 75 ml/hr as the correct rate to deliver the prescribed fluid accurately.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: To determine glucose in the urine, first calculate the glucose filtration rate: Blood glucose (900 mg/dl) × GFR (assume normal 125 ml/min) = 900 mg/dl × 1.25 dl/min = 1125 mg/min. The tubular maximum (Tmax) for glucose reabsorption is 380 mg/min. Any glucose filtered beyond Tmax is excreted: 1125 - 380 = 745 mg/min. This reflects glucosuria due to exceeding reabsorption capacity, common in hyperglycemia, making B correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Urine excretion refers to the final elimination of substances from the body via urine, encompassing filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes. Tubular secretion (A) adds substances to the filtrate, reabsorption (B) retrieves them, and filtration (D) initiates the process, but ‘excretion' specifically denotes the output, making C correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Intracellular potassium (K⁺) concentration is approximately 150 mM, maintained by the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump, which exchanges Na⁺ out for K⁺ in, creating a high K⁺ gradient inside cells (e.g., tubular cells). Extracellular K⁺ is 3.5-5 mM (C), 125 mM is close but typical for some texts (A), and 100 mM is too low, making B the standard value.