She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and systems while the suprasystems are family, society and community.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers (1970s) theorized humans as unitary beings with subsystems (cells, organs) and suprasystems (family, society) e.g., a patient's recovery ties to both physiology and social support. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, her model emphasizes interconnectedness, guiding nurses in holistic assessments across all levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The pons houses pneumotaxic (rate control) and apneustic (prolonged inspiration) centers e.g., regulating breathing rhythm. Medulla sets the pattern, carotid/aortic bodies sense chemo changes. Nurses understand this e.g., in apnea cases for neurological respiratory assessment, per brain anatomy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Early morning urine first void e.g., concentrated overnight is best for urinalysis/C&S, detecting abnormalities (glucose, bacteria). Later times dilute; midnight, pre-breakfast vary. Nurses collect this e.g., 6 AM for diagnostic accuracy, per lab protocols.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development theory (1950s) hinges on mutual trust e.g., fairness learned through reciprocal bonds. Freud's psychoanalysis, Erikson's stages, and Peters' principles differ. Kohlberg's stages premoral (obedience), conventional (norms), post-conventional (ethics) explain moral growth, influencing nursing ethics on trust-based patient care, like respecting autonomy in decisions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Maslow's theory (1940s) allows need priorities to shift e.g., safety over hunger in danger. Needs interrelate (esteem ties to safety), aren't rigid, and can defer. Nurses adapt e.g., tackling pain before teaching reflecting this flexibility, key to responsive care planning.