She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and systems while the suprasystems are family, society and community.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers (1970s) theorized humans as unitary beings with subsystems (cells, organs) and suprasystems (family, society) e.g., a patient's recovery ties to both physiology and social support. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, her model emphasizes interconnectedness, guiding nurses in holistic assessments across all levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a dying client expresses unfinished business, promoting health means supporting emotional and spiritual peace, not physical longevity. Asking what remains undone maybe reconciling with a loved one or recording memories and planning to address it empowers the client, reducing distress and fostering closure. This aligns with nursing's holistic focus, prioritizing psychological well-being at life's end over false cures. Reassuring without action dismisses their fears, while life-prolonging strategies ignore the terminal reality, potentially increasing frustration. Calling family hastily might overwhelm, not directly tackling the client's needs. By facilitating resolution like arranging a call to a estranged child the nurse promotes dignity and acceptance, key to health in dying, ensuring the client's final moments reflect their values, not just physical care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A clutter-free environment with clear pathways prevents falls in mobility-impaired patients by removing obstacles, ensuring safe movement. Bed rails risk entrapment, sedatives increase fall likelihood, and unattended ambulation is unsafe. Nurses create this setting to support navigation, reducing injury risk, a foundational approach to safety in hospital care for vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The pons houses pneumotaxic (rate control) and apneustic (prolonged inspiration) centers e.g., regulating breathing rhythm. Medulla sets the pattern, carotid/aortic bodies sense chemo changes. Nurses understand this e.g., in apnea cases for neurological respiratory assessment, per brain anatomy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Reducing iatrogenic infections those caused by healthcare requires proper IV procedures, as catheter sites are common infection entry points. Correct technique, like sterile insertion and maintenance, prevents pathogen introduction. Teaching hand washing helps clients but not staff-related infections, while bagging linens or isolating TB addresses specific cases, not broad iatrogenic risks. This action directly lowers infection rates tied to nursing interventions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: When caring for a client in the end stage of cancer, the nurse plays a pivotal role in supporting both the client and their family through a holistic approach that enhances coping mechanisms. Assisting with activities of daily living helps maintain the client's comfort and dignity, addressing physical needs that may be compromised due to disease progression. Referring the client and family to hospice services is equally vital, as it provides specialized support tailored to end-of-life care, including pain management, emotional counseling, and practical assistance in various settings like homes or facilities. This referral empowers the family to remain involved while accessing expert resources, fostering resilience and preparedness for the client's passing. Conversely, encouraging the family to leave or telling them there's nothing they can do undermines their emotional needs and sense of agency, potentially intensifying grief and hopelessness. Effective coping is facilitated by maximizing the client's strengths, offering education, and integrating community support systems, ensuring the family feels supported rather than sidelined during this critical time.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A therapeutic relationship is professional (2), problem-focused (3), and time-limited (4), per Peplau thus C (2,3,4). Friendship (1) blurs boundaries, making A, B, and D incorrect. C aligns with nursing's therapeutic intent.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Scope of practice is defined legal duties (B), per regulation e.g., what nurses can do. Not unlimited (A), not patient (C), not hospital (D) state-law-based. B best defines scope's boundaries, guiding Mr. Gary's nurse, making it correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Using research for pain management is evidence-based practice (A) science-guided, per definition. Cultural competence (B) respects beliefs, promotion (C) enhances, managed care (D) costs not research-based. A fits EBP's application, making it correct.