She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing environment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Callista Roy's Adaptation Model (1970s) frames humans as open systems, constantly exchanging with environments e.g., a patient's mood lifts with praise. Unlike Levin's conservation, Neuman's stressor focus, or Newman's health expansion, Roy's theory emphasizes adaptation to stimuli, guiding nurses in dynamic care adjustments like stress management.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Pulse pressure is systolic minus diastolic e.g., 120-80 = 40 mmHg reflecting arterial elasticity. Apical rate (heartbeats), cardiac rate (synonym), and pulse deficit (apex-radial gap) differ. Nurses calculate this e.g., in hypertension for cardiovascular assessment, per hemodynamic principles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Darkening the room enhances ophthalmoscope visibility e.g., pupil dilation for retina view unlike bright light (constricts). Draping (privacy), warming (nonsense), differ. Nurses prepare this e.g., dim lights for clear fundoscopic exams, per eye assessment protocols.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin, and Mary Ann Swain's Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory (1980s) sees nurses modeling health e.g., stress coping while adapting care to patient needs. Neuman's stressors, Newman's health expansion, and Benner's expertise differ. This theory fosters growth through tailored care, influencing holistic approaches in nursing practice and education.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings (1970s) posits humans as wholes beyond parts e.g., dignity persists post-trauma. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, Rogers' wholistic view shapes nursing's focus on indivisible patient worth, influencing holistic care philosophies.